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A HISTORY OF ART IN ANCIENT EGYPT.
A HISTORY OF ART IN ANCIENT EGYPT
FROM THE FRENCH
OF
GEORGES PERROT,
PROFESSOR IN THE FACULTY OF LETTERS, PARIS; MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE
AND
CHARLES CHIPIEZ.
ILLUSTRATED WITH FIVE HUNDRED AND NINETY-EIGHT ENGRAVINGS IN THE TEXT, AND FOURTEEN STEEL AND COLOURED PLATES.
IN TWO VOLUMES.—VOL. II.
TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY
WALTER ARMSTRONG, B. A., Oxon.,
AUTHOR OF "ALFRED STEVENS," ETC.
London: CHAPMAN AND HALL, Limited.
New York: A. C. ARMSTRONG AND SON.
1883.
London:
R. Clay, Sons, and Taylor,
BREAD STREET HILL.
CONTENTS.
PAGE CHAPTER I. CIVIL AND MILITARY ARCHITECTURE. § 1. The Graphic Processes employed by the Egyptians in their representations of Buildings 1-8 § 2. The Palace 8-26 § 3. The Egyptian House 26-38 § 4. Military Architecture 38-50
CHAPTER II. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION, THE ORDERS, SECONDARY FORMS. § 1. An Analysis of Architectural Forms necessary 51-52 § 2. Materials 52-55 § 3. Construction 55-76 § 4. The Arch 77-84 § 5. The Pier and Column.—The Egyptian Orders 85-133 Their Origin 85-91 General Types of Supports 91-133 § 6. The Ordonnance of Egyptian Colonnades 133-147 § 7. Monumental Details 147-155 § 8. Doors and Windows 156-162 Doors 156-161 Windows 162 § 9. The Illumination of the Temples 162-169 § 10. The Obelisks 169-176 § 11. The Profession of Architect 176-179
CHAPTER III. SCULPTURE. § 1. The Origin of Statue-making 180-184 § 2. Sculpture under the Ancient Empire 184-225 § 3. Sculpture under the First Theban Empire 226-238 § 4. Sculpture under the Second Theban Empire 239-265 § 5. The Art of the Saite Period 265-274 § 6. The Principal Themes of Egyptian Sculpture 275-284 § 7. The Technique of the Bas-reliefs 284-288 § 8. Gems 288-291 § 9. The Principal Conventions in Egyptian Sculpture 291-326 § 10. The General Characteristics of the Egyptian Style 326-330
CHAPTER IV. PAINTING. § 1. Technical Processes 331-341 § 2. The Figure 341-351 § 3. Caricature 351-355 § 4. Ornament 355-363
CHAPTER V. THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS. § 1. Definition and Characteristics of Industrial Art 364-367 § 2. Glass and Pottery 367-377 § 3. Metal-work and Jewelry 377-390 § 4. Woodwork 390-398 § 5. The Commerce of Egypt 399-400
CHAPTER VI. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EGYPTIAN ART, AND THE PLACE OF EGYPT IN ART HISTORY 401-408 APPENDIX 409-416 INDEX 417-434
CHAPTER II. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION, THE ORDERS, SECONDARY FORMS. § 1. An Analysis of Architectural Forms necessary 51-52 § 2. Materials 52-55 § 3. Construction 55-76 § 4. The Arch 77-84 § 5. The Pier and Column.—The Egyptian Orders 85-133 Their Origin 85-91 General Types of Supports 91-133 § 6. The Ordonnance of Egyptian Colonnades 133-147 § 7. Monumental Details 147-155 § 8. Doors and Windows 156-162 Doors 156-161 Windows 162 § 9. The Illumination of the Temples 162-169 § 10. The Obelisks 169-176 § 11. The Profession of Architect 176-179
CHAPTER III. SCULPTURE. § 1. The Origin of Statue-making 180-184 § 2. Sculpture under the Ancient Empire 184-225 § 3. Sculpture under the First Theban Empire 226-238 § 4. Sculpture under the Second Theban Empire 239-265 § 5. The Art of the Saite Period 265-274 § 6. The Principal Themes of Egyptian Sculpture 275-284 § 7. The Technique of the Bas-reliefs 284-288 § 8. Gems 288-291 § 9. The Principal Conventions in Egyptian Sculpture 291-326 § 10. The General Characteristics of the Egyptian Style 326-330
CHAPTER IV. PAINTING. § 1. Technical Processes 331-341 § 2. The Figure 341-351 § 3. Caricature 351-355 § 4. Ornament 355-363
CHAPTER V. THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS. § 1. Definition and Characteristics of Industrial Art 364-367 § 2. Glass and Pottery 367-377 § 3. Metal-work and Jewelry 377-390 § 4. Woodwork 390-398 § 5. The Commerce of Egypt 399-400
CHAPTER VI. THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EGYPTIAN ART, AND THE PLACE OF EGYPT IN ART HISTORY 401-408 APPENDIX 409-416 INDEX 417-434
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
COLOURED PLATES. To face page Thebes, the Pavilion of Medinet-Abou, restored 24 Portico in the temple of Medinet-Abou, restored 144 Rahotep and Nefert, Boulak Museum 186 The Scribe, Louvre 192 The Queen Taia, Boulak Museum 240 Funerary offerings, fragment of a painting upon plaster, Louvre 334 Tomb of Ptah-hotep, fragment of Western Wall 356 Tomb of Ptah-hotep, ceiling and upper part of Western Wall 360 FIG. PAGE 1.
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class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">House 3 2. The adoration of the solar disk by Amenophis IV. 6 3. Egyptian plan of a villa 7 4. Part of the plan of a house and its offices 9 5. Partial restoration of a palace at Tell-el-Amarna 17 6. Ground plan of the "Royal Pavilion" 19 7. Plan of the first floor of the "Royal Pavilion" 19 8. Longitudinal section of the pavilion 19 9. Transverse section of the pavilion 20 10. Brackets in the courtyard of the Royal Pavilion 23 11. Plan of a part of the city at Tell-el-Amarna 29 12. Bird's-eye view of a villa 31 13. Model of an Egyptian house 34 14-17. Plans of houses 34 18. Piece of furniture in the form of a house 35 19. House from a Theban wall painting 35 20. House with a tower 35 21. Battlemented house 36 22. Decorated porch 36 23. House with inscription 36 24. House, storehouse, and garden 36 25. Brewing 37 26. Granaries 37 27. Granaries 38 28. Military post at Abydos 42 29. Military post 42 30. Bird's-eye view of the fortress of Semneh 43 31. A besieged fort 46 32. Siege of a fortress 47 33. Brick stamped with the royal ovals 54 34. The Sarcophagus of Mycerinus 57 35. Door of a tomb at Sakkarah 60 36. Stele from the fourth dynasty 61 37. Stele from the fourth dynasty 62 38. Flattened form of lotus-leaf ornament, seen in front and in section 63 39. Lotus-leaf ornament in its elongated form 63 40. Wooden pavilion 64 41. Horizontal section, in perspective, of the first pylon at Karnak 67 42. Workmen polishing a monolithic column 69 43. Transport of a colossus 73 44. Arch in the necropolis of Abydos 78 45. Arch in El-Assassif 79 46. Arch in El-Assassif 80 47. Vaults in the Ramesseum 81 48. Vault in the Ramesseum 81 49. Elliptical vault 82 50. Foundations with inverted segmental arches 82 51. Transverse section of a corridor at Dayr-el-Bahari 83 52. Section in perspective through the same corridor 83 53. Vaulted chapel at Abydos 84 54. Bas-relief from the fifth dynasty 86 55. Detail of capital 86 56. Bas-relief from the fifth dynasty 87 57. Details of columns in Fig. 56 87 58. Pavilion from Sakkarah 87 59. Details of columns in Fig. 58 87 60. Bas-relief from the fifth dynasty 88 61. Details of the columns 88 62-65. Columns from bas-reliefs 89 66. Quadrangular pier 92 67. Tapering quadrangular pier 92 68. Pier with capital 92 69. Hathoric pier 92 70. Osiride pillar 93
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71. Ornamented pier 94 72. Octagonal pillar 96 73. Sixteen-sided pillar 96 74. Polygonal column with a flat vertical band 98 75. Polygonal pier with mask of Hathor 98 76. Column from Beni-Hassan 99 77. Column at Luxor 101 78. Column at Medinet-Abou 101 79. Column at Medinet-Abou 102 80. Column from the Great Hall at Karnak 103 81. Column from the Hypostyle Hall of the Ramesseum 103 82. Column of Soleb 104 83. Column of Thothmes at Karnak 104 84. Corner pier from the temple at Elephantiné 106 85. Pier with capital 107 86. Osiride pier 109 87. Hathoric pier from Eilithya 111 88. Hathoric pier from a tomb 111 89. Column at Kalabché 112 90. Column of Thothmes III. 113 91. Base of a column 115 92. Bell-shaped capital 117 93. Capital at Sesebi 119 94. Capital from the temple of Nectanebo, at Philæ 119 95. Capital from the work of Thothmes, at Karnak 120 96. Arrangement of architraves upon a capital 120 97. The Nymphæa Nelumbo 123 98. Papyrus plant 127 99. Small chamber at Karnak 134 100. Apartment in the temple at Luxor 134 101. Hall of the temple at Abydos 134 102. Plan of part of the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak 134 103. Tomb at Sakkarah 135 104. Hall in the inner portion of the Great Temple at Karnak 135 105. Portico of the first court at Medinet-Abou 135 106. Portico of the first court at Luxor 135 107. The portico of the pronaos, Luxor 136 108. Part plan of the temple at Elephantiné 136 109. Luxor, plan of the second court 136 110. Portico in the Temple of Khons 137 111. Luxor, portico of the first court 137 112. Part of the portico of the first court, Luxor 138 113. Portico in front of the façade of the temple of Gournah 138 114. Part of the Hypostyle Hall in the Great Temple at Karnak 138 115. Second Hypostyle Hall in the temple of Abydos 139 116. Hall in the speos of Gherf-Hossein 139 117. Medinet-Abou; first court 139 118. Medinet-Abou; second court 139 119. Portico of the Temple of Khons 140 120. Portico of first court at Luxor 140 121. Anta, Luxor 141 122. Anta, Gournah 141 123. Anta, Medinet-Abou 141 124. Anta in the Great Hall of Karnak 141 125. Antæ, Temple of Khons 142 126. Anta and base of pylon, Temple of Khons 142 127. Antæ, Medinet-Abou 143 128. Antæ, Medinet-Abou 143 129. Anta and column at Medinet-Abou 145 130. Column in the court of the Bubastides 146 131. Stereobate 148 132. Stereobate with double plinth 148 133. Pluteus in the
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intercolumniations of the portico in the second court of the Ramesseum 150 134. Doorway 151 135. Cornice of the Ramesseum 152 136. Cornice of a wooden pavilion 152 137. Pedestal of a Sphinx 153 138. Cornice under the portico 153 139. Fragment of a sarcophagus 154 140. Fragment of decoration from a royal tomb at Thebes 154 141. Plan of doorway, Temple of Elephantiné 157 142. Plan of doorway, Temple of Khons 157 143. Plan of doorway in the pylon, Temple of Khons 157 144, 145. The pylon and propylon of the hieroglyphs 157 146. Gateway to the court-yard of the small Temple at Medinet-Abou 158 147. A propylon with its masts 158 148. A propylon 159 149. Gateway in the inclosing wall of a Temple 159 150. Doorway of the Temple of Khons 160 151. Doorway of the Temple of Gournah 160 152. Doorway of the Temple of Seti 161 153, 154. Windows in the Royal Pavilion at Medinet-Abou 162 155. Attic of the Great Hall at Karnak 163 156. Claustra of the Hypostyle Hall, Karnak 165 157. Claustra in the Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of Khons 166 158. Method of lighting in one of the inner halls of Karnak 167 159. Auxiliary light-holes in the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak 167 160. Method of lighting one of the rooms in the Temple of Khons 167 161. Light openings in a lateral aisle of the Hypostyle Hall in the Ramesseum 168 162. The Temple of Amada 168 163. Claustra 168 164. Window of a house in the form of claustra 169 165. Window closed by a mat 169 166. Funerary obelisk 171 167. The obelisk of Ousourtesen 173 168. The obelisk in the Place de la Concorde 173 169. The obelisk of Beggig 175 170. Upper part of the obelisk at Beggig 175 171. Limestone statue of the architect Nefer 177 172. Sepa and Nesa 186 173. Ra-hotep 188 174-176. Wooden panels from the tomb of Hosi 191, 193, 195 177. Limestone head 196 178. Wooden statue 198 179. Bronze statuette 199 180. Bronze statuette 201 181. Ra-nefer 204 182. Statue in the Boulak Museum 205 183. Statue of Ti 205 184. Wooden statue 206 185. Statue in limestone 206 186. Limestone group 207 187. Wooden statuette 208 188. Nefer-hotep and Tenteta 208 189. Limestone statue 209 190. Limestone statue 209 191. Limestone statue 210 192. Limestone statue 210 193. Woman kneading dough 211 194. Woman making bread 212 195. Bread maker 213 196, 197. Details of head-dresses 213 198, 199. Nem-hotep 214 200. Funerary bas-relief 215 201. Bas-relief from the tomb of Ti 217 202.
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href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@40149@[email protected]#Fig_202" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Bas-relief from the tomb of Ti 218 203. Sepulchral bas-relief 219 204. Bas-relief from the tomb of Ra-ka-pou 219 205. Statue of Chephren 222 206. Wooden statue 227 207. Sebek-hotep III. 229 208. Sphinx in black granite 231 209. Head and shoulders of a Tanite Sphinx in black granite 233 210. Group from Tanis 234 211. Side view of the same group 235 212. Upper part of a royal statue 236 213. Fragmentary statuette of a king 237 214. Thothmes III. 241 215. Thothmes III. 243 216. Statuette of Amenophis IV. 245 217. Funeral Dance 251 218. Bas-relief from the tomb of Chamhati 253 219. Portrait of Rameses II. while a child 255 220. Statue of Rameses II. 256 221. Prisoners of war 257 222. Statue of Rameses II. in the Turin Museum 259 223. Head of Menephtah 260 224. Seti II. 261 225. The Goddess Kadesh 263 226. Statue of Ameneritis 264 227. Bronze Sphinx 267 228. Statue of Nekht-har-heb 268 229. Statue of Horus 269 230, 231. Bas-relief from Memphis 270, 271 232. Horus enthroned 273 233. Roman head 274 234. Wooden statuette 279 235. Bronze cat 280 236. Lion 281 237. Bronze lion 282 238. Sphinx with human hands 283 239. Quadruped with the head of a bird 284 240. Portrait of Rameses II. 286 241. Intaglio upon sardonyx, obverse 289 242. Reverse of the same intaglio 289 243. Intaglio upon jasper 290 244. Reverse of the same intaglio 290 245. Seal of Armais 290 246. Bas-relief from Sakkarah 295 247. The Queen waiting on Amenophis IV. 296 248. Bas-relief from the eighteenth dynasty 297 249. Horus as a child 299 250. Bas-relief from the tomb of Ti 306 251. Bas-relief at Thebes 307 252. From a painting at Thebes 308 253. Painting at Thebes 309 254. Painting at Thebes 310 255. Painting at Thebes 311 256. Bronze statuette 312 257. Spoon for perfumes 313 258. Design transferred by squaring 320 259. Design transferred by squaring 321 260. Head of a Cynocephalus 323 261. Head of a Lion 323 262. Head of a Lioness 323 263. Outline for a portrait of Amenophis III. 333 264. Portrait of Queen Taia 339 265. Painting at Beni-Hassan 341 266. Painting at Beni-Hassan 342
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class="tdr">267. Painting at Beni-Hassan 342 268. Painting at Beni-Hassan 343 269. Painting at Thebes 343 270. Painting at Thebes 344 271. Harpist 345 272. European prisoner 347 273. Head of the same prisoner 347 274. Ethiopian prisoner 348 275. Head of the same prisoner 348 276. Winged figure 349 277. Winged figure 350 278. Battle of the Cats and Rats 352 279. The soles of a pair of sandals 354 280, 281. The God Bes 354 282. Vultures on a ceiling 356 283, 284. Details from the tomb of Ptah-hotep 357 285. Carpet hung across a pavilion 358 286. Specimens of ceiling decorations 359 287. Painting on a mummy case 361 288. Winged globe 361 289, 290. Tables for offerings 363 291. Pitcher of red earth 368 292. Red earthenware 369 293. Gray earthenware 370 294. The God Bes 370 295. Pendant for necklace 371 296, 297. Enamelled earthenware 371 298. Enamelled faience 372 299. Doorway in the Stepped Pyramid at Sakkarah 372 300-302. Enamelled plaque from the Stepped Pyramid 373 303-305. Enamelled earthenware plaques 374 306, 307. Glass statuettes 376 308. Mirror-handle 379 309. Bronze hair-pin 379 310. Bronze dagger 379 311. Pectoral 381 312, 313. Golden Hawks 382 314. Ægis 383 315. Necklace 385 316. Osiris, Isis, and Horus 387 317, 318. Rings 387 319, 320. Ear-rings 387 321. Ivory Plaque 388 322. Ivory Castanet 389 323. Fragment of an Ivory Castanet 391 324. Workman splitting a piece of wood 392 325. Joiner making a bed 392 326. Coffer for sepulchral statuettes 393 327, 328. Chairs 394 329-331. Perfume spoons 395, 396 332-334. Walking-stick handles 397 335. Wooden pin or peg 398 336. Hathoric capital 398