A HISTORY
OF THE
INQUISITION OF SPAIN

BY
HENRY CHARLES LEA. LL.D.

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IN FOUR VOLUMES
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VOLUME II.


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New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1922
All rights reserved

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


Copyright, 1906,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
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Set up and electrotyped. Published January, 1906.

CONTENTS OF VOL. II.

BOOK III—JURISDICTION. Chapter I—Heresy.   PAGE Importance attached to Unity of Belief 1 Popular Abhorrence of Heresy 2 Limitations of Inquisitorial Jurisdiction 3 Classification of Heresy—Heresy both a sin and a crime 4 Original Episcopal Jurisdiction 5 The Inquisition obtains exclusive Jurisdiction 6 Episcopal Concurrence—It is merely formal 11 Jurisdiction over the Forum of Conscience 10 The Question of Papal Indulgences 24 Extension of Exclusive Jurisdiction 26 Chapter II—The Regular Orders. The Regular Clergy claim exemption from the Inquisition 29 Fluctuations of the Struggle—the Inquisition triumphs 31 Resistance of the Jesuits—their Defeat 33 Jurisdiction assumed in Quarrels between the Orders 37 Chapter III—Bishops. Torquemada vainly seeks Jurisdiction over Bishops 41 Cases of Dávila of Segovia and Aranda of Calahorra 42 Case of Acuña of Zamora 45 Jurisdiction conferred personally on Inquisitor-general Manrique 44       Case of Archbishop Carranza of Toledo 45       Inquisitor-general Valdés falls into disfavor 46       Seeks to re-establish himself by prosecuting Carranza 48       Carranza’s Orthodoxy—Melchor Cano 49       Carranza’s Commentaries on the Catechism 54       Royal and Papal Assent obtained for the Prosecution 56       Carranza’s Arrest and Incarceration, Aug. 22, 1559

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@43990@[email protected]#page_065" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">65       He recuses Valdés and two other Judges 69       Procrastination—Trial begins July 30, 1561 71       Continued Delays—Intervention of Council of Trent in 1563 73       Fruitless Efforts of Pius IV to expedite the trial 75       Pius V evokes the Case to Rome 77       Carranza reaches Rome May 28, 1567—Trial recommenced 79       Gregory XIII recommences the Trial in 1572 81       Sentence rendered April 24, 1576 82       Carranza’s Death, May 2d—Estimates of him 84 Jurisdiction claimed over Bishops 87 Cases of Toro of Oviedo and Queipo of Mechoacan 88 Chapter IV—The Edict of Faith. Its Effectiveness in stimulating Denunciations 91 Its comprehensive Details 93 Its Anathema 95 Popular Training in Delation 99 Chapter V—Appeals to Rome. Supremacy of Papal Jurisdiction 103 Conversos purchase Letters of Pardon from the Holy See 104 Ferdinand and the Inquisition disregard them 105 Papal Pardons claimed to be good in the Judicial Forum 107 Struggle between Spain and Rome—Pardons sold and revoked 108 Citation to Rome of Inquisitorial Officials 118 Tergiversations of the Curia 120 Charles V carries on the Struggle 123 He obtains exclusive Appellate Jurisdiction for the Inquisitor-general 126 But the Curia still entertains Appeals 128 Friction continued under Philip II and Philip III 129 Philip IV enforces surrender of papal letters 132 Case of Gerónimo de Villanueva 133       His connection with the Convent of San Placido 134       He obtains an Acquittal from the Inquisition in 1632

align="right" valign="bottom">136       Arce y Reynoso reopens the Case in 1643 138       Villanueva’s Sentence—His Appeal to Rome entertained 143       Persistent Resistance of Philip IV 146       Copies of the Papers sent to Rome in 1651 154       Efforts to have them returned continued until 1660 157 Appeals to Rome forbidden under the Bourbons 159 BOOK IV—ORGANIZATION. Chapter I—The Inquisitor-General and Supreme Council. Commissions of Officials expire with the Inquisitor-general 161 Suprema at first merely a Consultative Body 162 Rapid Increase of its Functions 164 It becomes the ruling Power 167 Its struggle with Inquisitor-general Mendoza in the Case of Froilan Diaz 169       Mendoza removes the opposing Members 174       Philip V. decides in favor of the Suprema and of Froilan Diaz 177 The Suprema reduces the Tribunals to Subordination 179 It gradually intervenes in Sentences and Trials 181 It requires monthly Reports of current Business 183 Centralization becomes complete—The Tribunals are merely ministerial 185 Appellate Jurisdiction of Inquisitor-general and Suprema 187 Control over all Details of the Tribunals 189 Control over the Finances 190 Salaries and Perquisites of the Suprema 194 Its Enjoyment of Bull-fights 198 Its Revenues and Expenses 200 Chapter II—The Tribunal. Gradual Delimitation into Districts 205 Organization of the Tribunal—Multiplication of Officials 208 Vain efforts to restrict the Number 211 Sale of Offices 212 Census of Officials in 1746 216 Hereditary

Transmission of Office 218 Tenderness shown to official Malfeasance and its Results 223 Visitations or Inspections of the Tribunals 227 The Palace or Building of the Tribunal 230 The Personnel of the Tribunal—The Assessor 232       The Inquisitors—Their Qualifications 233       Their Duty of visiting their Districts 238       The Promotor Fiscal or Prosecutor 241       The Notaries or Secretaries 243       The Alguazil 245       The Nuncio, Portero and Gaoler 246       The Physician, Surgeon and Steward 248       Financial Officials 250 Salaries and Ayudas de Costa 251 The Records 255 Chapter III—Unsalaried Officials. Calificadores or Censors 263 Consultors 266 Commissioners 268 Familiars 272       Their excessive Numbers and Turbulence 274       Qualifications prescribed 279 Organization of officials—Hermandad de San Pedro Martir 282       Fernando VII makes it an Order of Knighthood 283 Chapter IV—Limpieza. Origin of Limpieza or Purity of Blood 285 Distinction between Old and New Christians 286 The Religious Orders seek to exclude New Christians 287 New Christians excluded from Colleges 289 The Church of Toledo adopts a Statute of Limpieza 290 Limpieza enforced in the Observantine Franciscans 293 It becomes a Prerequisite in the Inquisition 294 Verification of Limpieza

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">295 Number of Generations required—Penitents of the Inquisition 297 Character of Investigation—It is a Source of Revenue 300 Perjury and Subornation 304 Futile Effort of Philip IV to diminish the Evils of Limpieza 307 Unfortunate Effects of the Proscription 308 It increases the Terror of the Inquisition 310 Rigidity relaxed under the Restoration 311 Remains of Prejudice in Majorca 312 BOOK V—RESOURCES. Chapter I—Confiscation. Necessity of Confiscation to support the Inquisition 315 Confiscation borrowed from the imperial Jurisprudence 316 Responsibility for it 317 Claims of the Church in Cases of Clerics 318 Division made with feudal Lords 319 Enforced on all reconciled or condemned Heretics 320 Methods to prevent Evasion 321 Commissions paid to Informers 323 Rapacious Practice of the Old Inquisition 325 The Question of Alienations and Creditors 326 The Question of Dowries 332 The Question of Conquests 334 Thoroughness of Confiscation—Provision for Children 335 Alienations subsequent to Commission of Heresy 339 Slaves of Confiscated Estates 339 Rigorous Collection of Debts 340 Routine of Business—Responsibility of Receivers 341 Hardships inflicted by Confiscation 349 Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Inquisition 349 Compositions for Confiscation 352 Losses and Dilapidation 363 Productiveness 367 Becomes Obsolete in the Eighteenth Century

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@43990@[email protected]#page_370" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">370 Disposition made of the Proceeds 371       Lavish Grants to Favorites 372       Ferdinand’s Kindliness 378       Reckless Grants by Charles V 380 Influence of Confiscation 386 Chapter II—Fines and Penances. Pecuniary Penance 389 Distinguished from Confiscation 391 Sometimes substituted for Confiscation 394 Its Productiveness 396 Fines as Punishment 389 Chapter III—Dispensations. Rehabilitation from Disabilities 401 Struggle between the Crown, the Inquisition and the Papacy 403 Sale of Commutation of Punishments 408 Chapter IV—Benefices. Officials provided with Benefices 415 Quinquennial Dispensations from Residence 416 Patronage granted to the Sovereigns 416 Opposition of Cathedral Chapters 417 Doctoral and Magistral Canonries 421 Grant of a Canonry in each Church, in 1559 423       Fruitless Resistance of the Churches 428       Productiveness 431 Chapter V—Finances. Failure to provide permanent Funds 433 Improvidence—Complaints of Poverty 435 Power of Recuperation 439 Deficiency of Revenue in the Eighteenth Century 441 Financial Organization—The Receiver 445 Detailed Accounts required—Neglect to render them 447 The Coffer with three Keys—Its Ineffectiveness 450 The Junta de Hacienda

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@43990@[email protected]#page_453" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">453 Defalcations 454 BOOK VI—PRACTICE. Chapter I—The Edict of Grace. Nature of the Edict of Grace 457 Confession under the Edict 459 Its Utility to the Inquisition 460 Revived in 1815 463 Chapter II—The Inquisitorial Process. The Inquisitorial Process in secular Procedure 465 Laxity in the Spiritual Courts 469 Rigid Secrecy in the Inquisition 470       Its Importance 476 The Fiscal as Party to the Case 478 The Inquisitorial Ideal 482 Chapter III—Arrest and Sequestration. Duty of Denunciation 485 Preliminaries to Arrest 486       Their Disregard 491 Segregation of the Prisoner 493 Immediate Sequestration of Property 495 Provision for Families 499 The Secrestador 501 Embargo 503 Chapter IV—The Secret Prison. Grades of Imprisonment 507 Character of the Secret Prison 509 Terror inspired by Imprisonment 511 The Chaining of Prisoners 511 Escape from Prison 513 Deprivation of all outside Intercourse 513 Restrictions on writing Materials 517 Prison Regulations 518 Deprivation of the Sacraments 520 Treatment of the Sick

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@43990@[email protected]#page_522" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">522 Care of Female Prisoners 523 Humane Instructions—not always obeyed 524 Expenses of Maintenance—Rations 528 Collection of Costs 533 Chapter V—Evidence. The Judge assumed to weigh the Character of Evidence 535 No Qualifications required in Witnesses for the Prosecution 536 Strict Qualifications for Witnesses for the Defence 539 Witnesses forced to testify 540 Examination of Witnesses 541 Control over Evidence for the Defence 543 Ratification of Evidence 544 Suppression of Witnesses’ Names 548 False-witness 554 Character of Evidence admitted 563 Negative Evidence 567 Chapter VI—Confession. Duty of Saving Souls 569 Urgency to induce Confession 570 Spontaneous Confession, its Frequency 571 Confession must be complete—The Diminuto 573 Denial of Intention 576 Denunciation of Accomplices 577 Time of Confession 580 Revocation of Confession 582 Denial of Guilt—The Negativo 585 Appendix of Documents 587