A HISTORY
OF THE
INQUISITION OF SPAIN

BY
HENRY CHARLES LEA. LL.D.

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IN FOUR VOLUMES
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VOLUME IV.


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New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 1922
All rights reserved

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


Copyright, 1907,
By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
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Set up and electrotyped. Published January, 1907.

CONTENTS OF VOL. IV.

BOOK VIII—SPHERES OF ACTION (Continued). Chapter V—Mysticism. PAGE Antiquity of Mystic Aspirations 1 Dangers—Impeccability—Independence 2       Illuminism and Quietism—Confusion with Protestantism—Uncertainty as to Source of Visions—Contempt for Theology 4 Development in Spain 6 Commencement of Persecution—The Mystics of Guadalajara 7 Francisca Hernández 9 María Cazalla—The Group in Toledo—Ignatius Loyola 13 Archbishop Carranza—San Francisco de Borja—Luis de Granada—the Jesuits 15 Fray Alonso de la Fuente—his struggle with Jesuitism 19 The Alumbrados of Llerena 23 Hostility of the Inquisition to Mysticism 24 Padre Gerónimo de la Madre de Dios 26 Mística Theología of Fernando de Caldera 29 Prosecution of the Mystics of Seville—Condemnation of Alumbrado Errors 29 Illuminism becomes formal Heresy—Procedure 34 Madre Luisa de Carrion 36 Influence of Mystics—Sor María de Agreda 39 Mysticism in Italy—Canon Pandolfo Ricasoli—The Impostor Giuseppe Borri—The Sequere me 42       The Pelagini of Lombardy 46       Miguel de Molinos—Condemnation of Mysticism 49       The Beccarellisti 61 Mysticism in France—Condemnation of Fénelon 62 Molinism in Spain—Persecution 68 Bishop Toro of Oviedo 71 Madre Agueda de Luna 76 Fray Eusebio de Villaroja—abusive Methods 77 Mysticism regarded as delusion

79 Prevalence of Imposture 81       Magdalena de la Cruz 82       Madre María de la Visitacion 83       Variable Treatment of Imposture 86       The Beata Dolores—The Beata de Cuenca—The Beata Clara 89       Sor Patrocinio 92 Chapter VI—Solicitation Frequency of Seduction in the Confessional 95 Invention of the Confessional Stall 96 Leniency of Spiritual Courts 97 The Inquisition indirectly seeks Jurisdiction 98 Paul IV and Pius IV grant Jurisdiction 99 The Regular Clergy endeavor to obtain Exemption 100 Legislation of Gregory XV—Struggle with Bishops over Jurisdiction 100 Solicitation included in Edict of Faith 105 Difficulty of inducing Women to denounce Culprits 106 Solicitation a technical Offence against the Sacrament, not against Morals 109 Difficulty of practical Definition 110 Passive Solicitation 111 Absolution of the Partner in Guilt 113 Facility of evading Penalty 114 Flagellation—Connection with Illuminism 116 Procedure—Tenderness for Delinquents 119       Two Denunciations required 123       Registers kept of Soliciting Confessors 125 Moderation of Penalties 126 Self-Denunciation—It finally secures immunity 130 Statistics of Cases—Predominance of the Regular Orders 134 Chapter VII—Propositions Growth of Jurisdiction over Utterances, public and private 138 Influence of habitual Delation 138 Danger incurred by trivial Remarks

class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">140 Severity of Penalties—Question of Belief and Intention 142 Special Propositions—Marriage better than Celibacy 144       Fornication between the Unmarried no Sin 145 Theological Propositions—Case of Fray Luis de Leon 148       Scholastic Disputation, its Dangers 150       Fray Luis accused of Disrespect for the Vulgate 151       Arrested and imprisoned March 27, 1572 153       Endless Debates over multiplying Articles of Accusation 154       Vote in discordia, September 18, 1576 156       Acquitted by the Suprema, December 7, 1576 157       Second trial in 1582 for Utterances in Debate—Acquittal 159 Francisco Sánchez, his Contempt for Theology 162       He is summoned and reprimanded, September 24, 1584 164       Again summoned and imprisoned, September 25, 1600—his Death 166 Fray Joseph de Sigüenza—Plot against him in his Order 168       Prefers Trial by the Inquisition—is acquitted 170 Case of Padre Alonso Romero, S. J. 171 Prosecutions of incautious Preachers 172 Increasing Proportion of Cases of Propositions, continuing to the last 176 Chapter VIII—Sorcery and Occult Arts. Accumulation of Superstitious Beliefs in Spain 179 Toleration in the early Middle Ages 180 John XXII orders Persecution of Sorcery 181 Persistent Toleration in Spain 182 The Inquisition obtains Jurisdiction 183 Question as to Heresy—Pact with the Demon 184 The Demon omnipresent in Superstitious Practices—Hermaphrodites 186 Belief thus strengthened in Divination and Magic 189 The Inquisition thus obtains exclusive Jurisdiction 190 Astrology—Its Teaching suppressed in the University of Salamanca 192 Procedure—Directed to prove Pact with the Demon

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44209@[email protected]#page_195" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">195 Penalties—Less severe than in secular Courts 197 Rationalistic Treatment in Portuguese Inquisition 202 Prosecuted as a Reality in Spain, to the last 203 Increase in the Number of Cases 204 Belief remains undiminished to the present time 205 Chapter IX—Witchcraft. Distinctive Character of Witchcraft—The Sabbat 206 Origin in the 14th Century—Rapid Development in the 15th 207 Genesis of Belief in the Sabbat—The Canon Episcopi 208 Discussion as to Delusion or Reality—Witch-Burnings 209 Congregation of 1526 deliberates on the Subject 212 Witch Epidemics—Active Persecution 214 The Suprema restrains the Zeal of the Tribunals 216 Enlightened Instructions 219 Auto-suggestive Hypnotism of confessed Witches 220 Conflict with secular Courts over Jurisdiction 222 Lenient Punishment 223 Retrogression—The Logroño Auto of 1610 225 Revulsion of Feeling—Pedro de Valencia 228 Alonso de Salazar Frias commissioned to investigate 230 His rationalistic Report 231 Instructions of 1614 virtually put an end to Persecution 235 Persistent Belief—Torreblanca 239 Witchcraft Epidemics disappear 240 Witchcraft in the Roman Inquisition 242 The Witchcraft Craze throughout Europe 246 Chapter X—Political Activity. Assertion that the Inquisition was a political Instrument 248 No Trace of its Agency in the Development of Absolutism 249 Rarely called upon for extraneous Service 251 Case of Antonio Pérez 253       Assassination of Juan de

Escobedo 254       Pérez replaced by Granvelle—is imprisoned—escapes to Saragossa—is condemned in Madrid 255       Futile Attempts to prosecute him before the Justicia of Aragon 258       The Inquisition called in and prosecutes him for Blasphemy 258       He is surrendered to the Tribunal—the City rises and rescues him 259       Philip’s Army occupies Saragossa—Pérez escapes to France—Execution of the Justicia Lanuza 263       Prosecutions by the Inquisition in opposition to the policy of Philip II—Auto de fe of October 20, 1592 267       Córtes of Tarazona in 1592 curtail the Liberties of Aragon 269       Death of Pérez in 1611—his memory absolved in 1615 272 Sporadic Cases of Intervention by the Inquisition 273 It is used in the War of Succession 275 Gradually becomes subservient under the Bourbons 276 Is a political Instrument under the Restoration 277 Sometimes used to enforce secular Law—The Export of Horses 278 Chapter XI—Jansenism. Indefinable Character of Jansenism, except as opposed to Ultramontanism 284 Struggle in Spanish Flanders 286 Quarrel with Rome over the Condemnation of Cardinal Noris in the Index of 1747 288 Opposition to Ultramontanism and Jesuitism persecuted as Jansenism 292 Expulsion of the Jesuits—Reaction under Godoy 294 Chapter XII—Free-Masonry. Development of Masonry—Condemned by the Holy See 298 Persecuted by the Inquisition and the Crown 300 It becomes revolutionary in Character 303 Persecution under the Restoration 304 Its pernicious Activity in the Constitutional Period 306 Chapter XIII—Philosophism. Growth of Incredulity towards the End of the Eighteenth Century 307 Olavide selected as a Victim 308 Impression produced by his Trial 311 Struggle between Conservatism and Progress

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44209@[email protected]#page_312" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">312 Chapter XIV—Bigamy. Assumption of Jurisdiction over Bigamy 316 Based on inferential Heresy 318 The Civil and Spiritual Courts strive to preserve their Jurisdiction 319 Penalties 321 Contest over Jurisdiction revived—Carlos III subdivides it into three 323 The Inquisition reasserts it under the Restoration 326 Number of Cases 327 Chapter XV—Blasphemy. Distinction between heretical and non-heretical Blasphemy 328 Contests over Jurisdiction with the spiritual and secular Courts 329 Attempts at Definition of heretical Blasphemy 330 Cumulative Jurisdiction 333 Moderation of Penalties 334 Number of Cases 335 Chapter XVI—Miscellaneous Business. Marriage in Orders 336 Personation of Priesthood 339       Roman Severity and Spanish Leniency 340       Hearing of Confessions by Laymen 344 Personation of Officials 344 Demoniacal Possession 348 Insults to Images 352 Uncanonized Saints 355       The Plomos del Sacromonte 357 The Immaculate Conception 359 Unnatural Crime 361       Jurisdiction conferred in the Kingdoms of Aragon 363       The Portuguese Inquisition obtains Jurisdiction 365       Trials conducted under secular Procedure 366       Penalties 367       Case of Don Pedro Luis Galceran de Borja 370 Usury

align="right" valign="bottom">371       Jurisdiction abandoned 374 Morals 375 The Seal of Confession 377 General Utility 378 BOOK IX—CONCLUSION. Chapter I—Decadence and Extinction. Independence of the Inquisition in the XVII Century 385 The Bourbons. Increased Control exercised by Philip V 386 Gradual Diffusion of Enlightenment 387 Progress under Carlos III—he limits Inquisitorial Privilege 389 Influence of the French Revolution 390 Diminished Respect—Increasing Moderation 392 Projects of Reform—Jovellanos—Urquijo 394 Growth of Opposition—Bishop Grégoire and his Opponents 397 The Cortes. The Napoleonic Invasion and the Uprising of Spain 399 The Inquisition supports the Intrusive Government 400 Its desultory Functions during the War of Liberation 402 The Extraordinary Córtes assemble, September 24, 1810 403 Freedom of the Press decreed—Controversy on the Inquisition 404 The Constitution adopted 406 Prolonged Struggle over the Suppression of the Inquisition—Carried January 26, 1813 407 Resistance of the Clergy 414 Reaction preceding the Return of Fernando VII 418 The Restoration. Character of Fernando VII 420 Proscription of the Liberals 421 The Inquisition re-established 424 Its Reconstruction and financial Embarrassments 426 Resumption of Functions 429 Its diminished Authority—Its Moderation 430 The Revolution of 1820. Growing Disaffection culminates in successful Revolution 434 Fernando compelled to abolish the Inquisition, March 9, 1820

valign="bottom">436 Suicide of Liberalism 438 Quarrel with the Church—Increasing Anarchy 440 The Congress of Verona orders Intervention 444 The French Invasion—Ferdinand carried to Cádiz 446 Proscription of the Liberals 448 Fernando released and returns to Power 449 Ten Years of Reaction. Absolutism revenges itself on Liberalism 450 Fernando refuses to revive the Inquisition 453 Discontent of the Extremists—Rising in Catalonia 456 Dormant Condition of the Inquisition 458 Episcopal juntas de fe—Execution of Cayetano Ripoll 460 Cristina. The Question of Succession causes Reversal of Policy 462 Death of Fernando VII—The Carlist War—Alliance of the Regent Cristina with the Liberals 466 The Inquisition definitely abolished, July 15, 1834 467 Gradual Development of Toleration 469 Chapter II—Retrospect. Vicissitudes in the History of Spain 472 Causes of Decadence—Misgovernment of the Hapsburgs 473       Industry crushed by Taxation 478       Lack of Means of Intercommunication—The Mesta 480       Debasement of the Coinage 482       Aversion for Labor 483       Multiplication of Offices—Empleomanía 485       Gradual Recuperation under the Bourbons 486 Inordinate Growth of the Church in Numbers and Wealth 488 Demoralization of the Clergy 496 Clerical Influence—Development of Intolerance 498 Superficial Character of Religion 502 Results of Intolerance 504 Influence of the Inquisition on the People 507 Contemporary opinion of its Services

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44209@[email protected]#page_508" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">508 Indifference to Morals 509 Disregard for Law—Aspirations to Domination 511 Suppression of adverse Opinion 513 Statistics of its Operations 516 Conscientious Cruelty 525 Persecution Profitable 527 Influence on Intellectual Development 528 Result of seeking to control the Human Conscience 531 Appendix of Documents 535 Index 547