Some words in the text have variant spellings that were left unchanged. The main ones are:
nyumu: sometimes hyphenated as nyu-mu
Mashongnavi, Shupaulovi, Sichumovi (names): sometimes written with accents as Mashóngnavi, Shupaúlovi, Sichúmovi
Brackets and parenthetical question marks are as in the original. A few typographical errors have been corrected. They are marked in the text with mouse-hover popups.
A STUDY
OF
PUEBLO ARCHITECTURE:
TUSAYAN AND CIBOLA.
BY
VICTOR MINDELEFF.
CONTENTS.
Page. Introduction 13 Chapter I.— Traditionary history of Tusayan 16 Explanatory 16 Summary of traditions 16 List of traditionary gentes 38 Supplementary legend 40 Chapter II.— Ruins and inhabited villages of Tusayan 42 Physical features of the province 42 Methods of survey 44 Plans and description of ruins 45 Walpi ruins 46 Old Mashongnavi 47 Shitaimuvi 48 Awatubi 49 Horn House 50 Small ruin near Horn House 51 Bat House 52 Mishiptonga 52 Moen-kopi 53 Ruins on the Oraibi wash 54 Kwaituki 56 Tebugkihu, or Fire House 57 Chukubi 59 Payupki 59 Plans and descriptions of inhabited villages 61 Hano 61 Sichumovi 62 Walpi 63 Mashongnavi 66 Shupaulovi 71 Shumopavi 73 Oraibi 76 Moen-kopi 77 Chapter III.— Ruins and inhabited villages of Cibola 80 Physical features of the province 80 Plans and descriptions of ruins 80 Hawikuh 80 Ketchipauan 81 Chalowe 83 Hampassawan 84 K’iakima 85 Matsaki 86 Pinawa 86 Halona 88 Tâaaiyalana ruins 89 Kin-tiel and Kinna-Zinde 91 Plans and descriptions of inhabited villages 94 Nutria 94 Pescado 95 Ojo Caliente 96 Zuñi 97
Chapter IV.— Architecture of Tusayan and Cibola compared by constructional details
100 Introduction 100 Housebuilding 100 Rites and methods 100 Localization of gentes 104 Interior arrangement 108 Kivas in Tusayan 111 General use of kivas by pueblo builders 111
ILLUSTRATIONS.
Illustrations have been placed as close as practicable to their discussion in the text. The printed page numbers show the original location. Multi-part Figures are sometimes shown vertically (one drawing above the other) where the original layout was horizontal.
The Map and most site plans are shown as thumbnails linked to larger versions.
Map of the provinces of Tusayan and Cibola
12 II. Old Mashongnavi, plan 14 III. General view of Awatubi 16 IV. Awatubi (Talla-Hogan), plan 18 V. Standing walls of Awatubi 20 VI. Adobe fragment in Awatubi 22 VII. Horn House ruin, plan 24 VIII. Bat House 26 IX. Mishiptonga (Jeditoh) 28 X. A small ruin near Moen-kopi 30 XI.Masonry on the outer wall of the Fire-House, detail
32 XII. Chukubi, plan 34 XIII. Payupki, plan 36 XIV. General view of Payupki 38 XV. Standing walls of Payupki 40 XVI. Plan of Hano 42 XVII. View of Hano 44 XVIII. Plan of Sichumovi 46 XIX. View of Sichumovi 48 XX. Plan of Walpi 50 XXI. View of Walpi 52 XXII. South passageway of Walpi 54 XXIII. Houses built over irregular sites, Walpi 56 XXIV. Dance rock and kiva, Walpi 58 XXV. Foot trail to Walpi 60 XXVI. Mashongnavi, planWest side of a principal row in Mashongnavi
68 XXX. Plan of Shupaulovi 70 XXXI. View of Shupaulovi 72 XXXII. A covered passageway of Shupaulovi 74 XXXIII. The chief kiva of Shupaulovi 76 XXXIV. Plan of Shumopavi 78 XXXV. View of Shumopavi 80 XXXVI. Oraibi, plan In pocket. XXXVII.Key to the Oraibi plan, also showing localization of gentes
82 XXXVIII. A court of Oraibi 84 XXXIX. Masonry terraces of Oraibi 86 XL. Oraibi house row, showing court side 88 XLI. Back of Oraibi house row 90 XLII. The site of Moen-kopi 92 XLIII. Plan of Moen-kopi 94 XLIV. Moen-kopi 96 XLV. The Mormon mill at Moen-kopi 98 XLVI. Hawikuh, plan 100 XLVII. Hawikuh, view 102 XLVIII. Adobe church at Hawikuh 104 XLIX. Ketchipanan, plan 106 L. Ketchipauan 108 LI. Stone church at Ketchipauan 110 LII. K’iakima, plan 112 LIII. Site of K’iakima, at base of Tâaaiyalana 114 LIV. Recent wall at K’iakima 116 LV. Matsaki, plan 118 LVI. Standing wall at Pinawa 120 LVII. Halona excavations as seen from Zuñi 122 LVIII. Fragments of Halona wall 124 LIX. The mesa of Tâaaiyalana, from Zuñi 126 LX. Tâaaiyalana, plan 128 LXI. Standing walls of Tâaaiyalana ruins 130 LXII. Remains of a reservoir on Tâaaiyalana 132 LXIII.Kin-tiel, plan (also showing excavations)
134 LXIV. North wall of Kin-tiel 136 LXV. Standing walls of Kin-tiel 138 LXVI. Kinna-Zinde 140 LXVII. Nutria, plan 142 LXVIII. Nutria, view 144 LXIX. Pescado, plan 146 LXX. Court view of Pescado, showing corrals 148 LXXI. Pescado houses 150 LXXII. Fragments of ancient masonry in Pescado 152 LXXIII. Ojo Caliente, plan In pocket. LXXIV. General view of Ojo Caliente 154 LXXV. House at Ojo Caliente 156 LXXVI. Zuñi, plan In pocket. LXXVII.Outline plan of Zuñi, showing distribution of oblique openings
158 LXXVIII.General inside view of Zuñi, looking west
160 LXXIX. Zuñi terraces 162 LXXX. Old adobe church of Zuñi 164 LXXXI. Eastern rows of Zuñi 166 LXXXII. A Zuñi court 168 LXXXIII. A Zuñi small house 170 LXXXIV. A house-building at Oraibi 172 LXXXV. A Tusayan interior 174 LXXXVI. A Zuñi interior 176 LXXXVII. A kiva hatchway of Tusayan 178 LXXXVIII.North kivas of Shumopavi, from the northeast
180An inclosing wall of upright stones at Ojo Caliente
188 XCIII.Upright blocks of sandstone built into an ancient pueblo wall
190 XCIV.Ancient wall of upright rocks in southwestern Colorado
192 XCV. Ancient floor-beams at Kin-tiel 194 XCVI. Adobe walls in Zuñi 196 XCVII. Wall coping and oven at Zuñi 198 XCVIII. Cross-pieces on Zuñi ladders 200 XCIX. Outside steps at Pescado 202 C. An excavated room at Kin-tiel 204 CI. Masonry chimneys of Zuñi 206 CII. Remains of a gateway in Awatubi 208 CIII. Ancient gateway, Kin-tiel 210 CIV. A covered passageway in Mashongnavi 212 CV. Small square openings in Pueblo Bonito 214 CVI.Sealed openings in a detached house of Nutria
216 CVII.Partial filling-in of a large opening in Oraibi, converting it into a doorway
218 CVIII.Large openings reduced to small windows, Oraibi
220 CIX. Stone corrals and kiva of Mashongnavi 222 CX. Portion of a corral in Pescado 224 CXI. Zuñi eagle-cage 226 Fig. 1. View of the First Mesa 43 2. Ruins, Old Walpi mound 47 3. Ruin between Bat House and Horn House 51 4. Ruin near Moen-kopi, plan 53 5. Ruin 7 miles north of Oraibi 55 6. Ruin 14 miles north of Oraibi (Kwaituki) 56 7. Oval fire-house ruin, plan. (Tebugkihu) 58 8. Topography of the site of Walpi 64 9.Mashongnavi and Shupaulovi from Shumopavi
66 10. Diagram showing growth of Mashongnavi 67 11. Diagram showing growth of Mashongnavi 68 12. Diagram showing growth of Mashongnavi 69 13. Topography of the site of Shupaulovi 71 14. Court kiva of Shumopavi 75 15. Hampassawan, plan 84 16. Pinawa, plan 87 17. Nutria, plan; small diagram, old wall 94 18. Pescado, plan, old wall diagram 95 19. A Tusayan wood-rack 103 20. Interior ground plan of a Tusayan room 108 21.North kivas of Shumopavi from the southwest
114 22.Ground plan of the chief-kiva of Shupaulovi
122 23.Ceiling-plan of the chief-kiva of Shupaulovi
123 24. Interior view of a Tusayan kiva 124 25. Ground-plan of a Shupaulovi kiva 125 26. Ceiling-plan of a Shupaulovi kiva 125 27.Ground-plan of the chief-kiva of Mashongnavi
126 28.Interior view of a kiva hatchway in Tusayan
127 29.Mat used in closing the entrance of Tusayan kivas
128 30.Rectangular sipapuh in a Mashongnavi kiva
131 31. Loom-post in kiva floor at Tusayan 132 32.A Zuñi chimney showing pottery fragments embedded in its adobe base
139 33.A Zuñi oven with pottery scales embedded in its surface
139 34.Stone wedges of Zuñi masonry exposed in a rain-washed wall
141 35.An unplastered house wall in Ojo Caliente
142 36.Wall decorations in Mashongnavi, executed in pink on a white ground
146 37. Diagram of Zuñi roof construction 149Showing abutment of smaller roof-beams over round girders
151 39. Single stone roof-drains 153 40. Trough roof-drains of stone 153 41. Wooden roof-drains 154 42. Curved roof-drains of stone in Tusayan 154 43.Tusayan roof-drains; a discarded metate and a gourd
155 44.Zuñi roof-drain, with splash-stones on roof below
156 45. A modern notched ladder in Oraibi 157 46. Tusayan notched ladders from Mashongnavi 157 47. Aboriginal American forms of ladder 158 48.Stone steps at Oraibi with platform at corner
161 49.Stone steps, with platform at chimney, in Oraibi
161 50. Stone steps in Shumopavi 162 51. A series of cooking pits in Mashongnavi 163 52. Pi-gummi ovens of Mashongnavi 163 53.Cross sections of pi-gummi ovens of Mashongnavi
163 54.Diagrams showing foundation stones of a Zuñi oven
164 55. Dome-shaped oven on a plinth of masonry 165 56.Oven in Pescado exposing stones of masonry
166 57.Oven in Pescado exposing stones of masonry
166 58. Shrines in Mashongnavi 167 59.A poultry house in Sichumovi resembling an oven
167 60.Ground-plan of an excavated room in Kin-tiel
168 61.A corner chimney-hood with two supporting poles, Tusayan
170 62. A curved chimney-hood of Mashongnavi 170 63.A Mashongnavi chimney-hood and walled-up fireplace
171 64. A chimney-hood of Shupaulovi 172 65.A semi-detached square chimney-hood of Zuñi
172 66.Unplastered Zuñi chimney-hoods, illustrating construction
173 67. A fireplace and mantel in Sichumovi 174 68. A second-story fireplace in Mashongnavi 174 69. Piki stone and chimney-hood in Sichumovi 175 70.Piki stone and primitive andiron in Shumopavi
176 71.A terrace fireplace and chimney of Shumopavi
177 72.A terrace cooking-pit and chimney of Walpi
177 73.A ground cooking-pit of Shumopavi covered with a chimney
178 74. Tusayan chimneys 179 75. A barred Zuñi door 183 76. Wooden pivot hinges of a Zuñi door 184 77. Paneled wooden doors in Hano 185 78. Framing of a Zuñi door panel 186 79. Rude transoms over Tusayan openings 188 80.A large Tusayan doorway, with small transom openings
189 81. A doorway and double transom in Walpi 189 82.An ancient doorway in a Canyon de Chelly cliff ruin
190 83.A symmetrical notched doorway in Mashongnavi
190 84. A Tusayan notched doorway 191 85.A large Tusayan doorway with one notched jamb
192 86.An ancient circular doorway, or “stone-close,” in Kin-tiel
193 87.Diagram illustrating symmetrical arrangement of small openings in Pueblo Bonito
195 88.Incised decoration on a rude window-sash in Zuñi
196 89.Sloping selenite window at base of Zuñi wall on upper terrace
197 90. A Zuñi window glazed with selenite 197 91.Small openings in the back wall of a Zuñi house cluster.
198 92. Sealed openings in Tusayan 199 93. A Zuñi doorway converted into a window 201 94. Zuñi roof-openings 202 95. A Zuñi roof-opening with raised coping 203 96. Zuñi roof-openings with one raised end 203Halved and pinned trap-door frame of a Zuñi kiva
206 100.Typical sections of Zuñi oblique openings
208 101.Arrangement of mealing stones in a Tusayan house
209 102. A Tusayan grain bin 210 103. A Zuñi plume-box 210 104. A Zuñi plume-box 210 105. A Tusayan mealing trough 211 106. An ancient pueblo form of metate 211 107. Zuñi stools 213 108. A Zuñi chair 213 109. Construction of a Zuñi corral 215 110. Gardens of Zuñi 216 111. “Kishoni,” or uncovered shade, of Tusayan 218 112. A Tusayan field shelter, from southwest 219 113. A Tusayan field shelter, from northeast 219 114.Diagram showing ideal section of terraces, with Tusayan names
223