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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY
BULLETIN 76
ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
I. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN THE OZARK REGION OF CENTRAL MISSOURI II. CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN OTHER STATES III. EXPLORATIONS ALONG THE MISSOURI RIVER BLUFFS IN KANSAS AND NEBRASKA IV. ABORIGINAL HOUSE MOUNDS V. ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK IN HAWAII
BY
GERARD FOWKE
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1922
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
Smithsonian Institution,
Bureau of American Ethnology,
Washington, D.C., February 17, 1920.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit the accompanying manuscript, entitled "Archeological Investigations," by Gerard Fowke, and to recommend its publication, subject to your approval, as a bulletin of this bureau.
Very respectfully,
J. Walter Fewkes,
Chief.
Dr. Charles D. Walcott,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
CONTENTS
I. Cave Explorations in the Ozark Region of Central Missouri Page Introduction 13 The Upper Current River 18 Shannon County 18 Bat Cave 18 Blue Spring, or Fishing Cave 18 Welch's Cave 18 Big Creek Cave 18 Texas County 19 Smith Caves 19 Saltpeter Cave 19 Dent County 20 Mammoth Cave 20 Guthoerl Cave 20 Short Bend Cave 20 Money Cave 21 Saltpeter Cave 21 Watson, Twin, or Onyx Caves 22 House mounds 22 Phelps County 22 Bates Cave 22 Another "Bates Cave" 23 Renaud Cave 23 Marsh Caves 23 Wild-hog Cave 23 Shelters 24 Phelps Cave 24 "Key Rocks" 24 Jones Cave 24 Yancy Mills Cave 24 Lane Mound 24 Cairns on Lost Hill, at mouth of Gourd Creek 24 Exploration of the Gourd Creek Cave 28 Onyx Cave 34 Goat Bluff Cave 35 Cairns at Sugar Tree Camp 40 Tick Creek Cave 41 Cave in Pool Hollow 41 House mounds near Rolla 41 House mounds near Dillon 42 House mounds near St. James 42 Pulaski County 42 McWilliams Cave 42 Davis Caves 42 Berry Cave 43 Maxey Cave 43 Yoark Cave 43 Graves at Laughlin's 44 Kerr Cave 44 Sell Cave 45 Phillips Cave 51 Bell's Cave 51 Camp-ground Cave 51 Bucher Cave 51 Graves near McKennan's 52 Roubidoux Cave 52 Richland Cave 52 Rollins Caves 52 Mix Cave 53 Double Cave 54 Railroad Cave
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href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@18931@[email protected]#Page_55" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">55 Bat, or Page, Cave 55 Tunnel Cave 56 Brooks Cave 56 Riddle Cave 56 Lane's Cave 56 Dry Creek Cave 56 House mounds 56 Riden's Cave 57 Saltpeter Cave 57 Miller's Cave 57 Ramsey's Cave 81 Graham Cave 83 Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave 83 Woodland Hollow Cave 84 Walled graves at Devil's Elbow 84 Cairns on Helm's farm 87 Ash Cave 89 Clemmens Creek Cave 89 Camden County 89 Along the Niangua River 89 A fossil cave 91 Miller County 91 Wright Cave 92 Wilson Cave 94 Bagnell Cave 94 Bode Cave 94 Luckenhoff Cave 94 Jurggenmeyer Cave 94 Daerhoff Cave 95 Cave near mouth of Tavern Creek 95 Bat Cave 95 Grave at mouth of Saline Creek 95 Stark's Cave 96 House mounds 96 Cairns 96 Maries County 96 Indian Ford Cave 96 Lackaye's Bluff Cave 97 Hurricane Bluff Cave 97 Stratman Cave 98 Osage County 98 River Cave 98 Rock-shelter 98 Steuffer Cave 99 Cairns 99 House mounds 99 "Indian Fort" 99 Cole County 100 Natural Bridge Cave 100 Morgan County 100 Speers Cave 100 House mounds 100 II. Cave Explorations in other States Introduction 101 Indiana 102 Lawrence County 102 Martin County 102 Orange County 106 Crawford County 107 Harrison County 111 Illinois 111 Monroe County 111 Kentucky 112 Hardin County 112 Hart County 112 Edmonson County 115 Warren County 118 Barren County 119 Monroe County 120 Logan County 122 Todd County 122 Tennessee 123 Montgomery County 123 Sullivan County
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class="tdr">124 Bledsoe County 128 Sequatchie County 130 Grundy County 131 Franklin County 131 Marion County 132 Hamilton County 133 Alabama 133 Lauderdale County 133 Colbert County 134 Jackson County 135 Dekalb County 137 Marshall County 139 III. Explorations along the Missouri River Bluffs in Kansas and Nebraska Vicinity of White Cloud, Kansas 151 Iowa Point 152 Near the mouth of the Nemaha River 152 Vicinity of Troy, Kansas 153 Mouth of Mosquito Creek 153 Rulo, Nebraska 154 Near Howe, Nebraska 155 Peru, Nebraska 156 Papillion, Nebraska 156 Vicinity of Omaha, Nebraska 156 Long's Hill 157 IV. Aboriginal Horse Mounds New Madrid County 166 St. François County 166 V. Archaeological Work in Hawaii Introduction 178 Molokai Island 179 The Rain Heiau 180 The sacrifice stones 181 Hawaii Island 182 Kilauea 183 Waimea 183 Quarry on Mauna Kea 183 Kawaihae 183 East Point district 184 Napoopoo 184 Honaunau 184 Keauhou 185 Mookini 185 Laupahoehoe 187 Maui Island 188 Kaupo, or Mokulau 188 Wailuku 188 Waihee 189 Burial places 190 In the Iao Valley 191 Kauai Island 191 Lihue 192 Wailua 192 Dune burials 193 Waimea 194 Conclusions 194 Index 197
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES Page 1. a, Cave on Big Piney River, Pulaski County, Mo. b, Cave on Big Piney River, Texas County, Mo. 12 2. a, Bluff at Mouth of Spring Creek, Pulaski County, Mo. b, Pillman's, or Spring Creek, Cave, Pulaski County, Mo. 12 3. Map of area examined 18 4. Bone and antler implements from Gourd Creek Cave, Phelps County, Mo. 34 5. Shell and flint objects from Gourd Creek Cave 34 6. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave, Phelps County, Mo. 38 7. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave 38
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href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@18931@[email protected]#Plate08" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">8. Skull from Goat Bluff Cave 38 9. Skull of child from Goat Bluff Cave 38 10. Flints from Goat Bluff Cave 38 11. Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave 38 12. Bone and antler implements from Goat Bluff Cave 38 13. a, Cairn 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo. b, Walled grave 6 miles north of Arlington, Mo. 38 14. Cairns on Roubidoux Creek, 6 miles from Waynesville, Mo. 46 15. Flints from Sell Cave, near Waynesville, Mo. 46 16. Objects from Sell Cave. a, Pestles or grinding stones; b, celt, pottery disks, paint stones, and skiver 46 17. Three skulls from Pulaski County, Mo. a, b, Skull from Sell Cave; c, d, skull from Bell's Cave, near Waynesville; e, f, skull from Miller's Cave 46 18. Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner and amount of wear 48 19. Teeth from Sell Cave and other caves, showing manner and amount of wear 48 20. a, b, Skull from Miller's Cave, Pulaski County, Mo.; c, part of skull of child from Miller's Cave 68 21. Skull of young woman from Miller's Cave 68 22. Skull of child from Miller's Cave 72 23. Diseased tibia of adult and diseased bones of child from Miller's Cave 72 24. Skull of child from Miller's Cave 72 25. Cache of flints from ash bed in Miller's Cave 72 26. Flints from Miller's Cave 76 27. Flints from Miller's Cave 76 28. Flints from Miller's Cave 76 29. Axes and pestles from Miller's Cave 76 30. Bone implements from Miller's Cave 78 31. Bone implements from Miller's Cave 78 32. Bone implements from Miller's Cave 78 33. Bone implements from Miller's Cave 78 34. Bone and antler implements from Miller's Cave 78 35. Antler implements from Miller's Cave 78 36. Skivers, showing stages of manufacture, from Miller's Cave 78 37. Shell spoons, pottery disks, and broken spoon made of a deer's skull, from Miller's Cave 78 38. a, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking west; b, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking north; c, Heiaus A and B, on Molokai Island, looking south 180 39. a, Heiau A, on Molokai Island, looking south; b, platform in Heiau A, looking southeast; c, paved way in Heiau A, looking southwest 180 40. a, Paved way in Heiau A, looking north; b, fireplace in Heiau A 180 41. a, Heiau B, on Molokai Island, looking northwest; b, Heiau B, showing stone-paved interior, looking northeast 180 42. a, The "Rain Heiau," Molokai Island, looking west; b, The "Rain Heiau," looking south 180 43. a, The "Rain Heiau," looking north; b, The "Rain Heiau," looking southwest 180
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href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@18931@[email protected]#Plate44" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">44. a, The "Sacrifice Stones," on Molokai Island, looking southwest; b, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking west 180 45. a, The "Sacrifice Stones," looking northwest; b, the "Sacrifice Stones," looking south 180 TEXT FIGURES 1. Outline of Cairn (1), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo. 26 2. Outline of Cairn (2), at Lost Hill, Phelps County, Mo. 26 3. Pipe from Cairn (2) 27 4. Outline of Cairn (3), Lost Hill 28 5. Fragment of glass bottle from Goat Bluff Cave 37 6. Pot from Goat Bluff Cave 39 7. Grooved ax from Goat Bluff Cave 40 8. Perforated object of antler from Sell Cave 48 9. Rubbing or polishing stone from Sell Cave 48 10. Flints from Sell Cave 49 11. Incised figure in sandstone near Miller's Cave 61 12. Incised figures in sandstone near Miller's Cave 61 13. Plan of Miller's Cave 62 14. Clay pipe from Miller's Cave 69 15. Perforated bone object from Miller's Cave 79 16. Adz or gouge of chert from Miller's Cave 79 17. Clay pipe from Miller's Cave 80 18. Columella bead from Cairn (4), Devil's Elbow 87 19. Columella bead from Cairn (5), Devil's Elbow 87 20. Plan of Fossil Cave 92 21. Section of Fossil Cave 92 22. Perforator and knife from Wright Cave 93 23. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 18 feet 144 24. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 20 feet 144 25. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 22 feet 144 26. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 26 feet 145 27. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 28 feet 145 28. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 30 feet 145 29. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 35½ feet 146 30. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 47½ feet 146 31. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 60 feet 146 32. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 70 feet 147 33. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 90 feet 147 34. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 93 feet 148 35. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 175 feet 149 36. Cross section of Fort Deposit Cave at 180 feet 149
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href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@18931@[email protected]#fig37" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">37. Plan of House Mound in St. François County, Mo. 168