The Project Gutenberg eBook, Field and Woodland Plants, by William S. Furneaux, Illustrated by Patten Wilson

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org

Title: Field and Woodland Plants

Author: William S. Furneaux

Release Date: May 11, 2013 [eBook #42696]

Language: English

Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1

***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS***

 

E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Robert Morse,
and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
(http://www.pgdp.net)
from page images generously made available by
Internet Archive
(http://archive.org)

 

Note: Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive. See https://archive.org/details/fieldwoodlandpla00furn

 

---

 

 

 

FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS

 

PREFACE

This additional volume to the young naturalist's 'Outdoor World Series' is an attempt to provide a guide to the study of our wild plants, shrubs and trees—a guide which, though comparatively free from technical terms and expressions, shall yet be strictly correct and scientific.

The leading feature of the book is the arrangement of the plants and trees according to their seasons, habitats and habits; an arrangement which will undoubtedly be of the greatest assistance to the lover of wild flowers during his work in the field, and also while examining and identifying his gathered specimens at home.

A large portion of the space has necessarily been allotted to the descriptions of plants, several hundreds of which have been included, and a large proportion of these illustrated; but not a little has been devoted to an attempt to create an interest in some of those wonderful habits which lead us to look upon plants as living beings with attractions even more engrossing than their beautiful forms and colours.

It has been thought advisable to give but little attention to aquatic plants and to the flowers which are to be found only on the coast, these having been previously included in former volumes of this series dealing, respectively, with pond life and the sea shore.

The thanks of the author are due to his friend, G. Du Heaume, Esq., for his valuable assistance in collecting many of the flowers required for description and illustration.

W. S. F.

CONTENTS

CHAP.   PAGE I. Introduction--General Character of Plants and the Identification of Flowers 1 II. The Pollination and Fertilisation of Flowers 25 III. Climbing Plants 30 IV. Early Spring 39 V. Woods and Thickets in Spring 48 VI. The Spring-Flowering Trees and Shrubs of Woods, Thickets, and Hedgerows 61 VII. Waysides

and Wastes in Spring 81 VIII. Meadows, Fields, and Pastures--Spring 108 IX. Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places in Spring 123 X. Woods and Thickets in Summer 130 XI. Wastes and Waysides in Summer 151 XII. Wastes and Waysides in Summer--Composite Flowers 175 XIII. Wastes and Waysides in Summer--continued 190 XIV. Meadows,Fields,and Pastures--Summer 211 XV. Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places--Summer 236 XVI. On Heath, Down, and Moor 257 XVII. In the Corn Field 281 XVIII. On the Chalk 296 XIX. By the River Side 312 XX. On Walls, Rocks,and Stony Places 318 XXI. Field and Wayside in Autumn 328 XXII. Autumn in the Woods 331 XXIII. Parasitic Plants 340 XXIV. Carnivorous Plants 350   List of Flowers Classified According to Their Habitats and Habits 359   List of Flowers Classified According to Their Orders and Genera 373   Glossarial Index 381

COLOURED PLATES

I. Spring Flowers of the Woods Frontispiece 1. Green Hellebore 2. Plantain-leaved Leopard's-Bane 3. Lady's Slipper 4. Sand Garlic 5. Wild Hyacinth 6. Wood Melic Grass II. Flowers of the Woods To face p. 130 1. Great Valerian 2. Foxglove 3. Succory-leaved Hawk's-beard 4. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower 5. Broad-leaved Helleborine 6. Hairy Brome-grass III. Flowers of the Wayside To face p. 150 1. Round-leaved Crane's-bill 2. Black Horehound 3. Evergreen Alkanet 4. Bristly Ox-tongue 5. Red Bartsia 6. Annual Meadow Grass 7. Hemlock Stork's-bill IV. Flowers of the Field To face p. 210 1. Rough Cock's-foot Grass 2. Lucerne 3. Crimson Clover 4. Blue-Bottle 5. Common Vetch

class="item" colspan="2">6. Meadow Clary V. Flowers of Bogs and Marshes To face p. 236 1. Marsh Gentian 2. Marsh Marigold 3. Marsh Orchis 4. Marsh Mallow 5. Marsh Vetchling 6. Marsh St. John's-wort 7. Bog Pimpernel VI. Flowers of Down, Heath, and Moor To face p. 256 1. Musk Thistle 2. Clustered Bell-flower 3. Spiny Rest Harrow 4. Hairy Hawkbit 5. Sheep's-bit 6. Spotted Orchis 7. Heath Rush VII. Flowers of the Corn-field To face p. 280 1. Long Smooth-headed Poppy 2. Field Scabious 3. Corn Cockle 4. Corn Marigold 5. Flax 6. Corn Pheasant's-eye VIII. Flowers of Chalky Soils To face p. 296 1. Red Valerian 2. Narrow-leaved Flax 3. Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch 4. Spiked Speedwell 5. Pasque Flower 6. Bee Orchis 7. Yellow Oat Grass

Erratum.—On Plate VI, for 'Spring Rest Harrow' read 'Spiny Rest Harrow.'

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

  PAGE General Characters of Plants Forms of Roots 2 Running underground stem of Solomon's Seal 4 Arrangement of Leaves 5 Leaf of Pansy with two large Stipules 5 Margins of Leaves 6 Various Forms of Simple Leaves 7 Forms of Compound Leaves 7 Forms of Inflorescence 8 Longitudinal Section through the flower of the Buttercup 10 Inferior and Superior Ovary 11 Unisexual Flowers of the Nettle 11 Dehiscent Fruits 12 The Pollination and Fertilisation of Flowers Pollen Cells throwing out their Tubes 25 Climbing Plants Prickles of the Wild Rose 31 Ivy, showing the Rootlets or Suckers 32 Stem of the Bindweed, twining to the left 34 Stem of the Hop, twining to the right 35 Early Spring Trees in Winter or Early Spring   1. Hazel; 2. Ash; 3. Oak; 4. Lime 41 5. Birch; 6. Poplar; 7. Beech; 8. Alder 43 Twig of Lime in Spring, showing the Deciduous, Scaly Stipules

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@42696@[email protected]#Page_45" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">45 Seedling of the Beech 46 Woods and Thickets in Spring The Daffodil 48 The Wood Anemone 49 The Goldilocks 50 The Wild Columbine 51 The Dog Violet 52 The Wood Sorrel 53 The Sweet Woodruff 54 The Lesser Periwinkle 55 The Bugle 56 The Broad-leaved Garlic 57 The Star of Bethlehem 58 The Hairy Sedge 59 Spring-flowering Trees and Shrubs The Barberry 62 The Spindle Tree 63 The Wild Cherry 65 The Crab Apple 67 The Mountain Ash 68 The Spurge Laurel 70 The Elm in Flower 71 The Oak in Flower 72 The Beech in Fruit 73 The Scots Pine, with Cones 78 The Yew in Fruit 79 Waysides and Wastes in Spring The Shepherd's Purse 82 The Scurvy Grass 83 The Common Whitlow Grass 83 The Yellow Rocket 84 The Procumbent Pearlwort 86 The Greater Stitchwort 87 The Chickweed 88 The Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed 89 The Dove's-foot Crane's-bill 90 The Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill 91 The Herb Robert

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">92 The Grass Vetchling 93 The Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil 94 The Moschatel 95 The White Bryony 96 The Wild Beaked Parsley 97 The Garden Beaked Parsley 98 The Goutweed 99 The Crosswort 100 The Colt's-foot in Early Spring 101 The Germander Speedwell 101 The White Dead Nettle 102 The Yellow Pimpernel 103 The Dog's Mercury 104 The Black Bryony 105 The Wild Arum 106 Meadows, Fields, and Pastures—Spring The Field Pennycress 109 The Wild Pansy 110 The Ragged Robin 111 The Purple Clover 114 The Daisy 115 The Butterbur 117 The Yellow Rattle 118 The Henbit Dead Nettle 119 The Cowslip 120 The Fox-tail Grass 121 Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places in Spring The Marsh Potentil 124 The Golden Saxifrage 125 The Marsh Valerian 126 The Marsh Trefoil 127 The Marsh Lousewort 127 The Yellow Flag 128 Woods and Thickets in Summer The Large-flowered St. John's-wort 131 The Common St. John's-wort 132 The Dyer's Greenweed 133 The Sweet Milk Vetch 134

The Wild Raspberry 135 The Rose Bay Willow Herb 136 The Dogwood 137 The Wood Sanicle 138 The Alexanders 139 The Elder 140 The Guelder Rose 141 The Saw-wort 143 The Ivy-leaved Bell-flower 145 Twigs of Holly 146 The Privet 147 The Millet Grass 148 The Bearded Wheat 148 The Slender False Brome 149 Wastes and Waysides in Summer The Wild Clematis 152 The Hedge Mustard 152 The Felix Weed 153 The Dyer's Weed 154 The Deptford Pink 155 The Red Campion 156 The Common Mallow 157 The Musk Mallow 158 The Bloody Crane's-bill 159 The Fruit of the Stork's-bill 160 The Hemlock Stork's-bill 161 The Bird's-foot Trefoil 162 The Herb Bennet or Geum 163 The Dog Rose 164 The Silver Weed 164 The Agrimony 165 The Orpine or Livelong 167 The Fool's Parsley 168 The Wild Parsnip 169 The Cow Parsnip or Hogweed 170 The Honeysuckle 171 The Great Hedge Bedstraw 172

class="cap">The Teasel 173 Teasel Heads 174 Flower Head of the Marigold 176 Florets of a Composite Flower 176 The Yellow Goat's-beard 177 The Hawkweed Picris 178 The Prickly Lettuce 179 The Sharp-fringed Sow-Thistle 180 The Smooth Hawk's-beard 181 The Nipplewort 182 The Burdock 183 The Spear Thistle 184 The Creeping Thistle 185 The Tansy 186 The Wormwood 187 The Ragwort 188 The Scentless Mayweed 189 The Yarrow or Milfoil 189 The Rampion Bell-flower 191 The Great Bindweed 192 The Henbane 193 The Woody Nightshade or Bittersweet 194 The Deadly Nightshade 195 The Yellow Toadflax 196 The Vervein 197 The Balm 198 The Hedge Woundwort 199 The Gromwell 201 The Hound's-tongue 202 The White Goosefoot 203 The Spotted Persicaria 205 The Curled Dock 207 The Great Nettle 208 The Canary Grass 209 Meadows, Fields, and Pastures—Summer The Gold of Pleasure 212 The Bladder Campion

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">213 The White Campion 214 The Kidney Vetch 215 The Common Melilot 216 The Lady's Mantle 217 The Meadow Sweet 219 The Burnet Saxifrage 220 The Wild Carrot 221 The Devil's-bit Scabious 222 The Rough Hawkbit 223 The Autumnal Hawkbit 224 The Meadow Thistle 225 The Black Knapweed 226 The Great Knapweed 226 The Common Fleabane 227 The Ox-eye Daisy 228 The Sneezewort 229 The Small Bindweed 230 Section of the Flower of Salvia 231 The Self-heal 231 The Ribwort Plantain 232 The Butterfly Orchis 233 The Cat's-tail Grass 233 The Meadow Barley 233 The Rye Grass or Darnel 234 The Sheep's Fescue 234 Bogs, Marshes, and Wet Places—Summer The Lesser Spearwort 237 The Great Hairy Willow Herb 238 The Purple Loosestrife 239 The Water Hemlock 241 The Common Water Dropwort 242 The Marsh Thistle 243 The Brooklime 244 The Water Figwort 245 The Gipsy wort 246 The Round-leaved Mint 247 The Forget-me-not

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@42696@[email protected]#Page_248" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">248 The Water Pepper or Biting Persicaria 249 The Bog Asphodel 251 The Common Rush 252 The Shining-fruited Jointed Rush 253 The Common Sedge 254 The Marsh Sedge 255 Heath, Down, and Moor The Milkwort 258 The Broom 259 The Furze or Gorse 260 The Tormentil 261 The Smooth Heath Bedstraw 264 The Dwarf Thistle 265 The Carline Thistle 267 The Common Chamomile 268 The Harebell 269 The Cross-leaved Heath 270 The Bell Heather or Fine-leaved Heath 271 The Eyebright 273 The Wild Thyme 275 The Autumnal Lady's Tresses 276 The Butcher's Broom 277 The Common Quaking Grass 278 The Common Mat Grass 279 In the Corn Field The Mousetail 282 The Common Red Poppy 284 The White or Opium Poppy 285 The Fumitory 287 The Black Mustard 288 The Corn Spurrey 289 The Shepherd's Needle or Venus's Comb 290 The Venus's Looking Glass or Corn Bell-flower 291 The Scarlet Pimpernel 292 The Climbing Bistort 293 The Dwarf Spurge 294 On the Chalk The Rock Rose

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@42696@[email protected]#Page_297" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">297 The Sainfoin 300 The Salad Burnet 301 The Field Gentian 302 The Yellow-wort 303 The Great Mullein 304 The Red Hemp Nettle 305 An Orchis Flower 307 The Sweet-scented Orchis 309 By the River Side The Common Meadow Rue 313 The Hemp Agrimony 314 The Common Skull-cap 315 The Comfrey 316 On Walls, Rocks and Stony Places The Biting Stonecrop or Wall Pepper 321 The Wall Pennywort or Navelwort 322 The London Pride 323 The Mossy Saxifrage 324 The Ivy-leaved Toadflax 325 The Wall Pellitory 326 Autumn in the Woods The Alder in Autumn 333 The Ash in Autumn 336 The Maple in Fruit 337 The Wayfaring Tree in Fruit 338 The Strawberry Tree 339 Parasitic Plants The Greater Dodder 342 The Clover Dodder 343 The Great Broomrape 345 The Mistletoe 347 A Young Mistletoe Plant 348 Carnivorous Plants The Greater Bladder-wort 351 Longitudinal section through the leaf of the Toothwort 352 The Common Butterwort 353 The Round-leaved Sundew 355

---