HISTORY OF ENGLAND

FROM

THE FALL OF WOLSEY

TO

THE DEATH OF ELIZABETH.

BY

JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE, M. A.

LATE FELLOW OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD.

 

VOLUME III.

 

NEW YORK:
CHARLES SCRIBNER AND COMPANY

1872.

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CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.

CHAPTER XII.

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC ASPECTS OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND.

  PAGE Spain and England 14 Animosity of the Emperor 15 Mission of Cardinal Granvelle 16 The Milan Temptation 17 Francis will join the Papal League 18 The Triple Cord 19 Effect of the Death of Catherine 20 Overtures to England 21 Reply to the Spanish Ambassador 22 The French invade Italy 24 The Emperor’s Protest 25 Speech in the Consistory 26 Invasion of Provence 27 Attitude of England 28 Expectations formed at Rome 29 Paul’s Message to Henry 30 Letter of Sir Gregory Cassalis 31 History of Reginald Pole 32 The King’s Favour towards him 33 Residence Abroad 35 The Book of the Church 37 Opposes Conciliation 39 England seen from within 60 Convocation of 1536 61 Latimer’s Sermon 62 Spirit of the Clergy 66 Complaints against the Growth of Heresy 68 Protestant Heresies 70 Peculiar Disposition of the King 71 First Articles of Religion

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">73 Judgment on General Councils 78 Injunctions of the Vicar-General 79 The English Bible 80

CHAPTER XIII.

THE PILGRIMAGE OF GRACE.

Causes of Popular Disaffection 88 Discontent in the House of Lords 89 The Statute of Uses 91 Enclosures of Commons 93 Encroachment upon Local Jurisdiction 95 The Three Commissions 97 Fantastic Rumours 99 Rising in Lincolnshire 100 The First of October at Louth 101 The Rebellion in Motion 103 The Articles of the Rebellion 105 The Rebels occupy Lincoln 107 Lord Hussey 109 The Duke of Suffolk 111 The King’s Answer to the Petition 113 Scene in the Chapter-house at Lincoln 115 The Gentlemen separate from the Commons 117 The Great Insurrection 118 Account of Robert Aske 119 The Rising of the North 121 Scene at Beverley 123 Lord Darcy 125 The Rendezvous at Weighton 127 Aske enters York 129 Lord Darcy in Pomfret 131 Surrender of Pomfret 133 The Siege of Hull 135 Skipton Castle 137 Advance of the Duke of Norfolk 139 Henry’s Instructions to Norfolk 141 Lancaster Herald at Pomfret 143 Lord Northumberland 145 Doncaster

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">147 The Doncaster Articles 151 The Conference on Doncaster Bridge 153 The Advice of the Council 155 Despatch of Heralds 157 State of the North 159 Proposal to betray Aske 161 Rebel Council at York 163 The Council of Pomfret 165 The King’s Second Commission 167 Resolutions of the King 169 The Council of York 171 Aske goes to London 173 Fresh Danger 175

CHAPTER XIV.

THE COMMISSION OF CARDINAL POLE.

James the Fifth 176 Reginald Pole made a Cardinal 177 The Mission into Flanders 178 The Credentials 180 State of the North of England 181 Sir Francis Bigod 182 Second Insurrection 184 Failures at Scarborough and Hull 185 Arrival of the Duke of Norfolk 187 The Rebels attack Carlisle 189 Martial Law 191 Pole arrives in France 193 He is dismissed into the Netherlands 194 He retires to Liège 195 Arrests in England 196 Aske, Darcy, and Constable 197 Trials of the Prisoners 199 Executions 206 Aske and Constable 207 Death of Aske 209 The Children of Benjamin 211 Pole at Liège 212 Michael Throgmorton 213 Letter of

Cromwell to Michael Throgmorton 214 Illustrative Sketches of the Time 219 The Sacraments 228 The Bishop’s Book 229 Address of the King 230 State of the Navy 231 Piracy in the Channel 232 Battle in Falmouth Harbour 233 Outrages of Foreign Cruisers 234 Equipment of a Fleet 235 Action in the Downs 236 English Successes 237 Survey of the Coasts 238 The Revenue 239 Ill-health of the King 240 Birth of the Prince of Wales 241 Death of the Queen 243 Anxiety for the Prince 245 Creation of Peers 247 Proposal of a New Marriage 248

CHAPTER XV.

THE EXETER CONSPIRACY.

The European Powers 249 England and the Empire 250 Mission of Sir Thomas Wyatt 251 The Princess Mary 252 The Duchess of Milan 254 Interchange of Alliance 255 Doubts and Warnings 257 The Pacification of Nice 259 Doctor Bonner 261 The Religious Houses 263 Voluntary Surrenders 264 Images and Relics 265 Friar Forest 270 Novel Law of Heresy 272 Dderfel Gadern 273 The Shrines 275 St. Thomas of Canterbury

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@39655@[email protected]#Page_277" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">277 The King’s Marriage 280 The Pope issues the Censures 282 Pole’s Second Mission 283 England and Flanders 284 Pole’s Apology 285 Irish Overtures to the Papacy 287 Contemplated Invasion of Ireland 289 The English Lords 291 Renewed Agitations 292 The Marquis of Exeter 293 The Banner of St. Kevern 295 The Cornish Conspiracy 297 Arrest of Holland 299 The Poles 301 Lady Salisbury 302 Circular to the Justices of the Peace 303 Westminster Hall 305 Lord Montague 306 Sir Edward Neville 307 Executions for Treason 308 Testimony of Events 309 England and the Lutherans 310 The Landgrave of Hesse 311 Prosecution of Lambert 312 Lambert dies at the Stake 315 Cromwell’s Opinion of the Sentence 316 Reginald Pole in Spain 317 Rumour of the intended Invasion 318 The Flemish Fleet 319 Reports from Spain 320 The King at Dover 321 The Uncertainty 322 The Fleet in Flanders disperses 323 Despair of Pole 324 He is alarmed for the Emperor 325 The Muster in London 326

CHAPTER XVI.

THE

SIX ARTICLES. Religious Tolerance 331 Spirit of Persecution 332 State of Parties 333 The Privy Council 335 The Prospects of Cromwell 336 Appeal of the King to his Subjects 337 General Pardon 339 Difficulties of Protestantism 341 Marriage of the Clergy 342 An Execution at Ipswich 343 General Election 344 Meeting of Parliament 349 Religious Differences 350 Proposals for Union 351 Attainder of the Poles 352 The Six Articles 353 Act of Proclamations 355 Royal Address 357 Dissolution of the Monasteries 359 Extension of the Episcopate 360 Approbation of England 365 Protest of Melancthon 366 Moderation of the King 368 Development of the Statute 369 Second Pardon 370 The Vicar of Stepney 371 Henry and Prince Edward 372 The English Criminal Law 373 The Welsh Marches 381 Address to the Justices of the Peace 385 Issue of Special Commissions 388 The Three Abbots 390 The Abbot of Glastonbury. 391

CHAPTER XVII.

ANNE OF CLEVES, AND THE FALL OF CROMWELL.

Anne of Cleves 399 Cromwell and the Peers 404 Position of Cromwell

class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">405 Cromwell and Gardiner 408 Cromwell and the Bishops 409 The Protestants 410 Prosecution of Dr. Watts 411 The Emperor comes to Paris 412 Reginald Pole 413 The Emperor at Paris 414 An English Traitor 415 Interview with Sir Thomas Wyatt 417 Anne of Cleves lands in England 420 The King’s Sensations 422 Arrival of Anne at Greenwich 423 Reluctance of Henry. 425 Completion of the Marriage 426 Protestant Controversy 427 Attitude of the Emperor 431 Failure of Cromwell’s Foreign Policy 434 Approach of the Crisis 436 Meeting of Parliament 437 Cromwell’s Opening Speech 438 The Calm before the Storm 439 Progress of ordinary Legislation 440 A Subsidy Bill 441 Attainders of Romanists 442 The King’s Marriage 443 Hints of a Divorce 445 The Fall of Cromwell 446 Intercession of Cranmer 454 The Attainder 456 The Six Articles 458 The King’s Statement 461 Judgment of Convocation 463 Communication with the Duke 467 Opinion of Foreign Powers 469 Committee of Religion 471 The Calais Conspirators 472 Attainder of three Protestants

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@39655@[email protected]#Page_473" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">473 Parliament is Dissolved 474 The Fall of Cromwell 476 His Prayer on the Scaffold 477 Character of Cromwell 478

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CHAPTER XII.

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC ASPECTS OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND.

In the sensitive condition of Europe the effect of events was felt beyond their natural consequence. The death of Catherine of Arragon led to the renewal of the war between France and the Empire. Paul III., in real or pretended reluctance to proceed to the last extremity, had for a time suspended the Bull of Deposition which he had drawn against the King of England.[1] It was idle to menace while he was unable to strike; and the two great Catholic powers had declined, when his intention was first made known to them, to furnish him with the necessary support. Francis I., who trifled, as it suited his convenience, with the court of London, the see of Rome, the Smalcaldic League, and the Divan at Constantinople, had protested against a step which would have compelled him to a definite course of action. The Emperor, so long as Solyman was unchecked upon the Danube, and Moorish corsairs swept the Mediterranean and ravaged the coasts of Italy, had shrunk from the cost and peril of a new contest.