HISTORY
OF
J U L I U S   C Æ S A R.

 




VOL. II.

THE   WARS   IN   GAUL.


NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
1866.

PUBLISHER’S NOTE.

IT is, perhaps, not without interest, in publishing the second volume of the History of Julius Cæsar, written by the Emperor Napoleon III., to call to memory the names of Sovereigns and Princes who have employed themselves upon the same subject.

The King of France, Charles VIII., showed an especial admiration for the Commentaries of Cæsar, and the celebrated monk, Robert Gaguin, presented to him, in 1480, the translation he had made in French of the eight books of the War in Gaul. We are informed of this in the edition of the translation by the learned monk, printed in 1500. This edition, in large 4to, is from the press of Antoine Verard. (See J. Ch. Brunet, Manuel du Libraire et de l’Amateur de Livres, fourth edition, tom. I., p. 518, and the Biographie Universelle, article Charles VIII.)

Charles V., who professed a great admiration for Cæsar, left a copy of the Commentaries filled with marginal notes, written with his own hand. It was at his instigation that the Viceroy of Sicily, Ferdinand Gonzaga, sent a scientific mission into France to study Cæsar’s campaigns on the localities. The forty plans which were made by the members of this commission, and among which that of Alise is found, were published in 1575, in the edition of James Strada.

The Sultan Soliman II., contemporary of Charles V., whom he had taken for his model, sent through all Europe to procure as many copies of Cæsar’s Commentaries as could be found, which he ordered to be collated, and caused a translation to be made into the Turkish language for his own daily reading.

The King of France, Henri IV., translated the two first books of Cæsar’s Commentaries. The manuscript of this translation was deposited in the Bibliothèque du Roi, and M. des Noyers took it thence to deliver it to Louis XIII., who, in his turn, translated the two last books of the Commentaries. These two translations were joined together, and printed at the Louvre in 1630.

Louis XIV. translated the first book of the Commentaries. His translation was printed at Paris in 1651, in folio, with figures. This work has not been reprinted; it is now very rare. The reader may consult on this subject the Méthode d’étudier l’Histoire of the Abbé Lenglet-Dufresnoy, tom. II., p. 481; and J. Ch. Brunet, Manuel du Libraire et de l’Amateur de Livres, fourth edition, tom. I., p. 519.

The great Condé, who had studied with care the campaigns of Cæsar, encouraged the translation of the Commentaries undertaken by Nicolas Perrot d’Ablancourt; it was the translation most esteemed and the most in vogue during the last century.

Christina, Queen of Sweden, had composed Reflections on the Life and Actions of Cæsar, as we are informed by J. Arckenholz in his work entitled Mémoires concernant Christine, Reine de Suède, Amsterdam, 1751-1760, tom. IV., No. 6, p. 4.

Louis Philippe Joseph d’Orléans, surnamed Egalité, was a great reader of the Commentaries. He caused a map of Cæsar’s campaigns in Gaul to be made.

Lastly, the Emperor Napoleon I., at St. Helena, dictated a Précis des Guerres de César to Comte Marchand, who published it in Paris in 1836, in 8vo.

CONTENTS.

BOOK III.
THE WARS IN GAUL, AFTER THE CHAPTER_I-bk-4" id="CHAPTER_I-bk-4"” CHAPTER I.
POLITICAL CAUSES OF THE GALLIC WAR. PAGE I. Enterprising Character of the Gauls. 1 II. Wars of the Romans beyond the Alps. 3 III. Continual Pre-occupation of the Romans in regard to the
Gauls. 7 IV. Plan followed in the Relation of the War in Gaul. 13 CHAPTER II.
STATE OF GAUL IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR. I. Geographical Description. (See Plate 1.) 15 II. Political Divisions. (See Plate 2.) 22 III. Manners. 32 IV. Institutions. 41 CHAPTER III.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE HELVETII.
(Year of Rome 696.)
(Book I. of the “Commentaries.”) I. Projects of Invasion by the Helvetii. (See Plate 3.)

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@45532@[email protected]#page_049" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">49 II. Cæsar’s Arrival at Geneva. 52 III. Description of the Retrenchment of the Rhone. (See
Plate 8.) 52 IV. The Helvetii begin their March towards the Saône. Cæsar
unites his Troops. (See Plates 2 and 4.) 59 V. Defeat of the Helvetii on the Saône. (See Plates 2 and 4.) 64 VI. Defeat of the Helvetii near Bibracte. (See Plates 4 and 5.) 72 VII. Pursuit of the Helvetii 76 VIII. Observations 79 CHAPTER IV.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS.
(Year of Rome 696.)
(Book I. of the “Commentaries.”) I. Seat of the Suevi and other German Tribes. (See Plate 2.) 80 II. The Gauls solicit Cæsar to come to their Succour. 83 III. March of Cæsar upon Besançon. (See Plate 4.) 86 IV. Panic in the Roman Army. 88 V. March towards the Valley of the Rhine. (See Plate 4.) 91 VI. Interview between Cæsar and Ariovistus. (See Plate 6.) 94 VII. Movements of the Two Armies. (See Plates 2 and 6.) 97 VIII. Battle against the Germans. (See Plate 4.) 99 IX. Observations. 103 CHAPTER V.
WAR AGAINST THE BELGÆ
(Year of Rome 697.)
(Book II. of the “Commentaries.”) I. League of the Belgæ. Cæsar advances from Besançon to
the Aisne. (See Plate 4.) 106 II. Cæsar’s Camp at Berry-au-Bac. (See Plates 2, 7, 8, and 9.) 109 III. Battle on the Aisne. 113 IV. Retreat of the Belgæ. 115 V. Capture of Noviodunum and Bratuspantium. (See Plate 7.) 116 VI. March against the Nervii. (See Plates 7 and 10.) 118

align="right" valign="top">VII. Battle on the Sambre. (See Plate 10.) 121 VIII. Siege of the Oppidum of the Aduatuci. (See Plate 11.) 128 IX. Subjugation of the Armorica by P. Crassus. 131 X. Expedition of Galba into the Valais. 132 CHAPTER VI.
(Year of Rome 698.)
(Book III. of the “Commentaries.”)
WAR OF THE VENETII—VICTORY OVER THE UNELLI—SUBMISSION OF AQUITAINE—MARCH
AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII. I. Insurrection of the Maritime Peoples. (See Plate 12.) 135 II. War against the Veneti. (See Plate 12.) 137 III. Naval Combat against the Veneti. (See Plate 12.) 141 IV. Victory of Sabinus over the Unelli. (See Plate 13.) 144 V. Conquest of Aquitaine by P. Crassus. 146 VI. March against the Morini and the Menapii. 150 VII. Observations. 151 CHAPTER VII.
(Year of Rome 699.)
(Book IV. of the “Commentaries.”)
INCURSIONS OF THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI—FIRST PASSAGE OF THE
RHINE—FIRST DESCENT IN BRITAIN—CHASTISEMENT OF THE MORINI AND
THE MENAPII. I. Cæsar’s March against the Usipetes and the Tencteri.
(See Plate 14.) 153 II. Rout of the Usipetes and the Tencteri. 158 III. First Passage of the Rhine. (See Plates 14 and 15.) 160 IV. Description of Britain in the Time of Cæsar. 165 V. First Expedition to Britain. (See Plates 16 and 17.) 172 VI. Chastisement of the Morini and Menapii. 184 VII. Order for Rebuilding the Fleet. Departure for Illyria. 185 VIII. Points of Embarking and Landing. Date of the Arrival
in Britain. (See Plate 16.) 186 IX. Résumé of the Dates of the Campaign of 699. 202 CHAPTER VIII.
(Year of Rome 700.)
(Book V. of the “Commentaries.”)
MARCH AGAINST THE TREVIRI—SECOND DESCENT IN BRITAIN. I. Inspection of the Fleet. March against the Treviri.

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@45532@[email protected]#page_204" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">204 II. Departure for the Isle of Britain. (See Plate 16.) 206 III. March into the Interior of the Country. (See Plate 16.) 208 IV. Destruction of a Part of the Fleet. 210 V. Cæsar resumes the Offensive. 211 VI. March towards the Thames. (See Plate 16.) 214 VII. Submission of a Part of Britain. (See Plate 16.) 216 VIII. Re-embarkation of the Army. 217 IX. Observations. (See Plate 16.) 219 X. Presumed Dates of the Second Campaign in Britain. 223 XI. Distribution of the Legions in their Winter Quarters.
(See Plates 14 and 18.) 225 XII. Defeat of Sabinus at Aduatuca. 228 XIII. Attack on Cicero’s Camp. 234 XIV. Cæsar marches to the Succour of Cicero. (See Plates 14
and 27, Fig. 8.) 236 XV. Cæsar places his Troops in Winter Quarters. Labienus
defeats Indutiomarus. 246 XVI. Observations. 250 CHAPTER IX.
(Year of Rome 701.)
(Book VI. of the “Commentaries.”)
CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE NERVII AND THE TREVIRI—SECOND PASSAGE OF
THE RHINE—WAR AGAINST AMBIORIX AND THE EBURONES. I. Cæsar augments his Army. 253 II. War against the Nervii. General Assembly of Gaul. 254 III. Submission of the Menapii. 256 IV. Success of Labienus against the Treviri. 257 V. Second Passage of the Rhine. 260 VI. War against Ambiorix. (See Plates 2 and 14.) 262 VII. The Sicambri attack Aduatuca. (See Plate 18.) 265 CHAPTER X.
(Year of Rome 702.)
(Book VII. of the “Commentaries.”)
REVOLT OF GAUL—CAPTURE OF VELLAUNODUNUM, GENABUM, AND NOVIODUNUM—SIEGES
OF

AVARICUM AND GERGOVIA—CAMPAIGN OF LABIENUS
AGAINST THE PARISII—SIEGE OF ALESIA. I. Revolt of Gaul. 272 II. Cæsar begins the Campaign. (See Plate 19.) 275 III. Taking of Vellaunodunum, Genabum, and Noviodunum. (See
Plate 19.) 278 IV. Siege of Avaricum. (See Plate 20.) 287 V. Arrival of Cæsar at Decetia, and March towards Auvergne.
(See Plates 19 and 21.) 299 VI. Blockade of Gergovia. (See Plates 21 and 22.) 303 VII. Observations. 319 VIII. Cæsar Leaves Gergovia in order to join Labienus. 320 IX. Expedition of Labienus against the Parisii. (See Plate 23.) 323 X. The Gauls assume the Offensive. 329 XI. Junction of Cæsar and Labienus. Battle of the Vingeanne.
(See Plates 19 and 24.) 331 XII. Blockade of Alesia. (See Plates 25, 26, 27, and 28.) 338 XIII. Details of the Excavations at Mont Auxois. (See Plates
25, 27, and 28.) 358 CHAPTER XI.
(Year of Rome 703.)
(Book VIII. of the “Commentaries.”) I. Expedition against the Bituriges and Carnutes. 367 II. Campaign against the Bellovaci. (See Plates 29 and 30.) 369 III. Battle on the Aisne. 377 IV. Devastation of the Country of the Eburones. 379 V. Expedition against Dumnacus. 381 VI. Capture of Uxellodunum. (See Plates 31 and 32.) 383 VII. Excavations made at Puy d’Issolu. (See Plates 31 and 32.) 390 VIII. Complete Submission of Gaul. 395 BOOK IV.
RECAPITULATION OF THE WAR IN GAUL, AND RELATION
OF EVENTS AT ROME FROM 696 TO 705. CHAPTER I.
EVENTS OF THE YEAR 696. I. Difficulties of Cæsar’s Task.

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@45532@[email protected]#page_399" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">399 II. Campaign against the Helvetii. 402 III. Campaign against Ariovistus. 405 IV. Sequel of the Consulship of L. Calpurnius Piso and Aulus
Galbinius. 408 V. Intrigues of Clodius. 409 VI. Pompey consults Cæsar on the Return of Cicero. 410 VII. Pompey believes himself Threatened by a Slave of Clodius. 411 CHAPTER II.
EVENTS OF THE YEAR 697. I. War against the Belgæ. 413 II. Return of Cicero. 416 III. Pompey is charged with the Supplying of Food. 419 IV. Festivals to Commemorate Cæsar’s Victories. 420 V. Riots at Rome. 421 CHAPTER III.
EVENTS IN ROME DURING THE YEAR 698. I. Presence in Rome of Ptolemy Auletes. 424 II. Clodius named Ædile. Trial of Milo. 426 III. Return of Cato. 429 IV. State of Anarchy in Rome. 430 V. The Interview at Lucca. 433 VI. Consequences of the Interview at Lucca. Conduct of
Cicero. 438 VII. Intrigues of Pompey and Crassus to obtain the Consulship. 443 VIII. Campaign against the Peoples on the Shores of the Ocean. 445 CHAPTER IV.
EVENTS OF THE YEAR 699. I. Campaign against the Usipetes and the Tencteri. 449 II. First Descent in England. 451 III. Cæsar’s Habits when in Campaign. 452 IV. Consulship of Pompey and Crassus.

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@45532@[email protected]#page_453" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">453 V. Motion of Trebonius on the Government of the Provinces. 456 VI. Pompey’s Sumptuary Law. 461 VII. Departure of Crassus for Syria. 462 VIII. Cato proposes to deliver Cæsar to the Germans. 464 CHAPTER V.
EVENTS OF THE YEAR 700. I. Second Descent in England. 467 II. Displacement of the Army. Disaster of Sabinus. 468 III. L. Domitius Ahenobarbus and Appius Claudius Pulcher,
Consuls. 470 IV. Re-establishment of Ptolemy in Egypt. 472 V. Corruption of the Elections. 474 VI. Death of Cæsar’s Daughter. 476 VII. Cæsar’s Buildings at Rome. 477 VIII. His Relations with Cicero. 478 CHAPTER VI.
EVENTS OF THE YEAR 701. I. Expedition to the North of Gaul. Second Passage of
the Rhine. 484 II. Pursuit of Ambiorix. 485 III. C. Domitius Calvinus and M. Valerius Messala, Consuls. 486 IV. Expedition of Crassus against the Parthians, and his
Death. 488 V. Consequences of the Death of Crassus. 499 CHAPTER VII.
EVENTS OF THE YEAR 702. I. Murder of Clodius. 501 II. The Republic is declared in Danger. 505 III. Pompey Sole Consul. 506 IV. Trial of Milo. 508 V. Pompey takes as his Associate Cæcilius Metellus Pius
Scipio. 514 VI. Insurrection of Gaul, and Campaign of 702.

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@45532@[email protected]#page_516" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">516 CHAPTER VIII.
EVENTS OF THE YEAR 703. I. New Troubles in Gaul, and the Campaign on the Aisne. 528 II. Cæsar’s Policy in Gaul and at Rome. 530 III. Sulpicius Rufus and M. Claudius Marcellus, Consuls. 536 IV. Spirit which animates Cæsar’s Adversaries. 538 V. The Question of Right between the Senate and Cæsar. 542 VI. Intrigues to deprive Cæsar of his Command. 548 CHAPTER IX.
EVENTS OF THE YEAR 704. I. C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Æmilius Paulus, Consuls. 554 II. Cæsar repairs to the Cisalpine. 559 III. Pompey receives Ovations, and asks Cæsar to return his
Two Legions. 564 IV. The Senate votes impartially. 569 V. Violent Measures adopted against Cæsar. 570 VI. State of Public Opinion. 572 CHAPTER X.
EVENTS OF THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE YEAR 705. I. C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lentulus, Consuls. 579 II. Lentulus carries the Senate against Cæsar. 581 III. Cæsar harangues his Troops. 588 IV. Cæsar is driven to Civil War. 590 V. Cæsar crosses the Rubicon. 592 APPENDIX. APPENDIX A. Concordance of Dates of the Ancient Roman Calendar with the
Julian Style, for the Years of Rome 691-709. 595 APPENDIX B. Concordance of Roman and Modern Hours, for the Year of
Rome 699 (55 B. C.) and for the Latitude of Paris. 638 APPENDIX C.
LIST OF ANCIENT COINS FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS AT ALISE. Note on the Ancient Coins collected in the Excavations at Alise.

valign="bottom">640 Coins struck in the Mint at Rome. 642 Coins struck in Southern Italy. 644 Coins struck out of Italy. 644 Gaulish Coins (from Camp D, on the Banks of the Ose). 645 APPENDIX D.
NOTICE ON CÆSAR’S LIEUTENANTS.   1. T. Attius Labienus. 648   2. Publius Lucinius Crassus. 648   3. L. Arunculeius Cotta. 649   4. Quintus Titurius Sabinus. 649   5. Q. Pedius. 649   6. Servius Sulpicius Galba. 649   7. Decimus Junius Brutus. 650   8. Publius Sulpicius Rufus. 651   9. Lucius Munatius Plancus. 652 10. Marcus Licinius Crassus. 652 11. Caius Fabius. 653 12. L. Roscius. 653 13. Titus Sextius. 653 14. Q. Tullius Cicero. 654 15. Caius Trebonius. 655 16. Minucius Basilus. 656 17. C. Antistius Reginus. 656 18. M. Silanus. 656 19. C. Caninius Rebilus. 656 20. M. Sempronius Rutilus. 657 21. Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony). 657 22. Publius Vatinius. 657 28. Q. Fufius Calenus. 658 24. L. Cæsar. 658