CURRENT HISTORY

A MONTHLY MAGAZINE

THE EUROPEAN WAR

VOLUME I.

From the Beginning to March, 1915

With Index

NEW YORK
THE NEW YORK TIMES COMPANY
1915

Copyright 1914, 1915,
By The New York Times Company

CONTENTS

NUMBER I.

WHAT MEN OF LETTERS SAY

  Page COMMON SENSE ABOUT THE WAR 11 By George Bernard Shaw SHAW'S NONSENSE ABOUT BELGIUM 60 By Arnold Bennett BENNETT STATES THE GERMAN CASE 63 By George Bernard Shaw FLAWS IN SHAW'S LOGIC 65 By Cunninghame Graham EDITORIAL COMMENT ON SHAW 66 SHAW EMPTY OF GOOD SENSE 68 By Christabel Pankhurst COMMENT BY READING OF SHAW 73 OPEN LETTER TO PRESIDENT WILSON 76 By George Bernard Shaw A GERMAN LETTER TO G. BERNARD SHAW 80 By Herbert Eulenberg BRITISH AUTHORS DEFEND ENGLAND'S WAR 82 With Facsimile Signatures THE FOURTH OF AUGUST--EUROPE AT WAR 87 By H. G. Wells IF THE GERMANS RAID ENGLAND 89 By H. G. Wells SIR OLIVER LODGE'S COMMENT 92 WHAT THE GERMAN CONSCRIPT THINKS 93 By Arnold Bennett FELIX ADLER'S COMMENT 95 WHEN PEACE IS SERIOUSLY DESIRED 97 By Arnold Bennett BARRIE AT BAY: WHICH WAS BROWN? 100 An Interview on the War A CREDO FOR KEEPING FAITH 102 By John Galsworthy HARD BLOWS, NOT HARD WORDS 103 By Jerome K. Jerome "AS THEY TESTED OUR FATHERS" 106 By Rudyard Kipling KIPLING AND "THE TRUCE OF THE BEAR" 107 ON THE IMPENDING CRISIS 107 By Norman Angell WHY ENGLAND CAME TO BE IN IT 108 By Gilbert K. Chesterton SOUTH AFRICA'S BOERS AND BRITONS 125 By H. Rider Haggard CAPT. MARK HAGGARD'S DEATH IN BATTLE

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">128 By H. Rider Haggard AN ANTI-CHRISTIAN WAR 129 By Robert Bridges ENGLISH ARTISTS' PROTEST 130 TO ARMS! 132 By Sir Arthur Conan Doyle CONAN DOYLE ON BRITISH MILITARISM 140 THE NEED OF BEING MERCILESS 144 By Maurice Maeterlinck LETTERS TO DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER 146 By Baron d'Estournelles de Constant THE VITAL ENERGIES OF FRANCE 153 By Henri Bergson FRANCE THROUGH ENGLISH EYES 153 With Rene Bazin's Appreciation THE SOLDIER OF 1914 156 By Rene Doumic GERMANY'S CIVILIZED BARBARISM 160 By Emile Boutroux THE GERMAN RELIGION OF DUTY 170 By Gabriele Reuter A LETTER TO GERHART HAUPTMANN 174 By Romain Rolland A REPLY TO ROLLAND 175 By Gerhart Hauptmann ANOTHER REPLY TO ROLLAND 176 By Karl Wolfskehl ARE WE BARBARIANS? 178 By Gerhart Hauptmann TO AMERICANS FROM A GERMAN FRIEND 180 By Ludwig Fulda APPEAL TO THE CIVILIZED WORLD 185 By Professors of Germany APPEAL OF THE GERMAN UNIVERSITIES 187 REPLY TO THE GERMAN PROFESSORS 188 By British Scholars CONCERNING THE GERMAN PROFESSORS 192 By Frederic Harrison THE REPLY FROM FRANCE 194 By M. Yves Guyot and Prof Bellet TO AMERICANS IN GERMANY 198 By Prof. Adolf von Harnack A REPLY TO PROF. HARNACK 201 By Some British Theologians PROF. HARNACK IN REBUTTAL 203 THE CAUSES OF THE WAR 206 By Theodore Niemeyer COMMENT BY DR. MAX WALTER 208

NUMBER II.

WHO BEGAN THE WAR AND WHY?

SPEECHES BY KAISER WILHELM II. 210 THE MIGHTY FATE OF EUROPE 219 As Interpreted by Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, German Imperial Chancellor. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY'S VERSION OF THE WAR 226

By Kaiser Frawz Josef and Count Berchtold A GERMAN REVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE 228 Certified by Dr. Bernhard Dernburg, German ex-Colonial Secretary "TRUTH ABOUT GERMANY" 244 Attested by Thirty-four German Dignitaries SPECULATIONS ABOUT PEACE, SEPTEMBER, 1914 273 Report by James W. Gerard, American Ambassador at Berlin, to President Wilson. FIRST WARNINGS OF EUROPE'S PERIL 277 Speeches by British Ministers GREAT BRITAIN'S MOBILIZATION 294 Measures Taken Throughout the Empire Upon the Outbreak of War SUMMONS OF THE NATION TO ARMS 308 British People Roused by Their Leaders TEACHINGS OF GEN. VON BERNHARDI 343 By Viscount Bryce ENTRANCE OF FRANCE INTO THE WAR 350 By President Poincare and Premier Viviani RUSSIA TO HER ENEMY 358 "THE FACTS ABOUT BELGIUM" 365 Statement Issued by the Belgian Legation at Washington BELGO-BRITISH PLOT ALLEGED BY GERMANY 369 Statement Issued by German Embassy at Washington, Oct. 13. ATROCITIES OF THE WAR 374 BOMBARDMENT OF RHEIMS CATHEDRAL 392 Protest Issued to Neutral Powers from French Foreign Office, Bordeaux, Sept. 21. THE SOCIALISTS' PART 397

NUMBER III.

WHAT AMERICANS SAY TO EUROPE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CIVILIZATION 413 Argued by James M. Beck CRITICS DISPUTE MR. BECK 431 DEFENSE OF THE DUAL ALLIANCE--REPLY 438 By Dr. Edmund von Mach WHAT GLADSTONE SAID ABOUT BELGIUM 448 By George Louis Beer FIGHT TO THE BITTER END 451 An Interview with Andrew Carnegie WOMAN AND WAR--"Shot, Tell His Mother" (Poem) 458 By W.E.P. French, Captain, U.S. Army THE WAY TO PEACE 459 An Interview with Jacob H. Schiff PROF. MATHER ON MR. SCHIFF 464 THE ELIOT-SCHIFF LETTERS 465 By Jacob H. Schiff and Charles W. Eliot LA CATHEDRALE (Poem Translated by Frances C. Fay) 472 By Edmond Rostand PROBABLE CAUSES AND OUTCOME OF THE WAR 473 Series of Five Letters by Charles W. Eliot, with Related Correspondence THE LORD OF HOSTS (Poem) 501 By Joseph B. Gilder A WAR OF DISHONOR 502 By David Starr Jordan MIGHT OR RIGHT 503 By John Grier Hibben JEANNE D'ARC--1914 (Poem) 506 By Alma Durant Nicholson THE KAISER AND BELGIUM (With controversial letters) 507 By John W. Burgess AMERICA'S PERIL IN JUDGING GERMANY 515 By William M. Sloane POSSIBLE PROFITS FROM WAR 526 Interview with Franklin H. Giddings "TO AMERICANS LEAVING GERMANY" 533 A German Circular GERMAN DECLARATIONS 534 By Rudolf Eucken and Ernst Haeckel THE EUCKEN AND HAECKEL CHARGES 537 By John Warbeke CONCERNING GERMAN CULTURE 541 By Brander Matthews CULTURE VS. KULTUR 543 By Frank Jewett Mather, Jr. THE TRESPASS IN BELGIUM 545 By John Grier Hibben APPORTIONING THE BLAME 548 By Arthur v. Briesen PARTING (Poem) 553 By Louise von Wetter FRENCH HATE AND ENGLISH JEALOUSY 554 By Kuno Francke IN DEFENSE OF AUSTRIA 559 By Baron L. Hengelmuller RUSSIAN ATROCITIES 563 By George Haven Putnam "THE UNITED STATES OF EUROPE" 565 Interview with Nicholas Murray Butler A NEW WORLD MAP 571 By Wilhelm Ostwald THE VERDICT OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE 573 By Newell Dwight Hillis TIPPERARY (Poem) 581 By John B. Kennedy AS AMERICA SEES THE WAR 582 By Harold Begbie TO MELOS, POMEGRANATE ISLE (Poem) 587 By Grace Harriet Macurdy WHAT AMERICA CAN DO 588 By Lord Channing of Wellingborough TO A COUSIN GERMAN (Poem) 593 By Adeline

Adams WHAT THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS MAY BE 594 By Irving Fisher EFFECTS OF WAR ON AMERICA 600 By Roland G. Usher GERMANY OF THE FUTURE 605 Interview with M. de Lapredelle GERMANY THE AGGRESSOR 609 By Albert Sauveur MILITARISM AND CHRISTIANITY 610 By Lyman Abbott VIGIL (Poem) 612 By Hortense Flexner NIETZSCHE AND GERMAN CULTURE 613 By Abraham Solomon BELGIUM'S BITTER NEED 614 By Sir Gilbert Parker

NUMBER IV.

THE WAR AT CLOSE QUARTERS

SIR JOHN FRENCH'S OWN STORY 619 Famous Dispatches of the British Commander in Chief to Lord Kitchener STORY OF THE "EYE WITNESS" 650 By Col. E.D. Swinton of the Intelligence Department of the British General Staff THE DAWN OF A NEW DAY (Poem) 678 By Edward Neville Vose THE GERMAN ENTRY INTO BRUSSELS (With Map) 679 By John Boon THE FALL OF ANTWERP 682 By a Correspondent of The London Daily Chronicle AS THE FRENCH FELL BACK ON PARIS 689 By G. H. Perris THE RETREAT TO PARIS 691 By Philip Gibbs A ZOUAVE'S STORY 704 By Philip Gibbs WHEN WAR BURST ON ARRAS 707 By a Special Correspondent THE BATTLES IN BELGIUM (With Map) 711 By The Associated Press SEEKING WOUNDED ON BATTLE FRONT 714 By Philip Gibbs AT THE KAISER'S HEADQUARTERS 718 By Cyril Brown of The New York Times HOW THE BELGIANS FIGHT 725 By a Correspondent of The London Daily News A VISIT TO THE FIRING LINE IN FRANCE 727 By a Correspondent of The New York Times UNBURIED DEAD STREW LORRAINE (With Map) 729 By Philip Gibbs ALONG THE GERMAN LINES NEAR METZ 731 By The Associated Press THE SLAUGHTER IN ALSACE 736 By John H. Cox RENNENKAMPF ON THE RUSSIAN BORDER 738 By a Correspondent of The London Daily Chronicle THE FIRST FIGHT AT LODZ (With Map) 740 By Perceval Gibbon THE FIRST INVASION OF SERBIA (With Map) 742 By a Correspondent of The London Standard THE ATTACK ON TSING-TAU 745 By Jefferson Jones THE GERMAN ATTACK ON TAHITI 748 As Told by Miss Geni La France, an Eyewitness THE BLOODLESS CAPTURE OF GERMAN SAMOA 749 By Malcolm Ross, F.R.G.S. HOW THE CRESSY SANK 752 By Edgar Rowan GERMAN STORY OF THE HELIGOLAND FIGHT 754 By a Special Correspondent of The New York Times THE SINKING OF THE CRESSY AND THE HOGUE 755 By the Senior Surviving Officers, Commander Bertram W.L. Nicholson and Commander Reginald A. Norton THE SINKING OF THE HAWKE 757 By a Correspondent of The London Daily Chronicle THE EMDEN'S LAST FIGHT 758 By the Cable Operator at Cocos Islands CROWDS SEE THE NIGER SINK 760 By a Correspondent of The London Daily Chronicle LIEUTENANT WEDDIGEN'S OWN STORY 762 By Herbert B. Swope and Capt. Lieut. Otto Weddigen THE SOLILOQUY OF AN OLD SOLDIER (Poem) 764 By O.C.A. Child THE EFFECTS OF WAR IN FOUR COUNTRIES 765 By Irvin S. Cobb HOW PARIS DROPPED GAYETY 767 By Anne Rittenhouse PARIS IN OCTOBER 770 From The London Times FRANCE AND ENGLAND AS SEEN IN WAR TIME 772 Interview with F. Hopkinson Smith THE HELPLESS VICTIMS 776 By Mrs. Nina Larrey Duryee A NEW RUSSIA MEETS GERMANY 777 By Perceval Gibbon BELGIAN CITIES GERMANIZED 780 By Cyril Brown of The New York Times THE BELGIAN RUIN 786 By J.H. Whitehouse, M.P. THE WOUNDED SERB 788 From The London Times SPY ORGANIZATION IN ENGLAND 790 British Home Office Communication

align="left">CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR 793 THE MEN OF THE EMDEN (Poem) 816 By Thomas R. Ybarra

NUMBER V.

THE NEW RUSSIA SPEAKS

AN APPEAL BY RUSSIAN AUTHORS, ARTISTS AND ACTORS 817 With Their Signatures RUSSIA IN LITERATURE 819 By British Men of Letters RUSSIA AND EUROPE'S WAR 821 By Paul Vinogradoff RUSSIAN APPEAL FOR THE POLES 825 By A. Konovalov of the Russian Duma I AM FOR PEACE (Poem) 826 By Lurana Sheldon UNITED RUSSIA 827 By Peter Struve PRINCE TRUBETSKOI'S APPEAL TO RUSSIANS 830 To Help the Polish Victims of War HOW PROHIBITION CAME TO RUSSIA 831 An Interview with the Reformer Tchelisheff INFLUENCE OF THE WAR UPON RUSSIAN INDUSTRY 834 By the Russian Ministry of Commerce DECLARATION OF THE RUSSIAN INDUSTRIAL INTERESTS 835 A RUSSIAN FINANCIAL AUTHORITY ON THE WAR 836 By Prof. Migoulin PROPOSED INTERNAL LOANS OF RUSSIA 837 (Prof. Migoulin's Plan) HOW RUSSIAN MANUFACTURERS FEEL 838 Digested from Russkia Vedomosti NEW SOURCES OF REVENUE NEEDED 839 By A. Sokolov OUR RUSSIAN ALLY 840 By Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace CONFISCATION OF GERMAN PATENTS 849 By the Russian Ministry of Commerce A RUSSIAN INCOME TAX 850 Proposed by the Ministry of Finance TOOLS OF THE RUSSIAN JUGGERNAUT 851 By M.J. Bonn FATE OF THE JEWS IN POLAND 854 By Georg Brandes COMMERCIAL TREATIES AFTER THE WAR 863 By P. Maslov PHOTOGRAPHIC REVIEW OF THE WAR 865 48 War Pictures Printed in Rotogravure PATRIOTISM AND ENDURANCE 913 The Pastoral Letter of Cardinal D.J. Mercier, Archbishop of Malines APPEAL TO AMERICA FOR BELGIUM (Poem) 924 By Thomas Hardy WITH THE GERMAN ARMY 925 By Cyril Brown STORY OF THE MAN WHO FIRED ON RHEIMS CATHEDRAL 928 RICHARD HARDING DAVIS'S COMMENT 931 THE GERMAN AIRMEN 932 GERMAN GENERALS TALK OF THE WAR 934 SWIFT REVERSAL TO BARBARISM 939 By Vance Thompson CIVIL LIFE IN BERLIN 943 From The London Times BELGIAN BOY TELLS STORY OF AERSCHOT 945 From The New York Times THE NEUTRALS (Poem) 948 By Beatrice Barry FIFTEEN MINUTES ON THE YSER 949 From The New York Times SEEING NIEUPORT UNDER SHELL FIRE 951 From The New York Times RAID ON SCARBOROUGH SEEN FROM A WINDOW 954 By Ruth Kauffmann HOW THE BARONESS HID HER HUSBAND ON A VESSEL 956 From The New York Times WARSAW SWAMPED WITH REFUGEES 957 By H.W. Bodkinson AFTER THE RUSSIAN ADVANCE IN GALICIA 958 From The London Times OFFICER IN BATTLE HAD LITTLE FEELING 959 By The Associated Press THE BATTLE OF NEW YEAR'S DAY 961 By Perceval Gibbon BASS'S STORY 963 From The New York Times THE WASTE OF GERMAN LIVES 964 By Perceval Gibbon THE FLIGHT INTO SWITZERLAND 966 By Ethel Therese Hugh ONCE FAIR BELGRADE IS A SKELETON CITY 969 From The New York Times LETTERS AND DIARIES 971 A Group of Soldiers' Letters "CHANT OF HATE AGAINST ENGLAND" 984 How Ernst Lissauer's Lines were "Sung to Pieces" in Germany ANSWERING THE "CHANT OF HATE" 988 By Beatrice M. Barry ENGLAND CAUSED THE WAR 989 By T. von Bethmann-Hollweg, German Imperial Chancellor A SONG OF THE SIEGE GUN (Poem) 992 By Katharine Drayton Mayrant Simons, Jr. WHY ENGLAND FIGHTS GERMANY 993 By Hilaire Belloc AT THE VILLA ACHILLEION, CORFU (Poem) 999 By H.T. Sudduth

align="left">GERMANY'S STRATEGIC RAILWAYS (With Map) 1000 By Walter Littlefield GLORY OF WAR (Poem) 1004 By Adeline Adams CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR 1007

NUMBER VI.

THE CALDRON OF THE BALKANS

HOW TURKEY WENT TO WAR 1025 SERBIA AND HER NEIGHBORS 1036 LITTLE MONTENEGRO SPEAKS 1043 BULGARIA'S ATTITUDE 1044 GREECE'S WATCHFUL WAITING 1050 WHERE RUMANIA STANDS IN THE CRISIS 1054 EXIT ALBANIA? 1062 THE WAR IN THE BALKANS 1068 By A. T. Polyzoides THE EUROPEAN WAR AS SEEN BY CARTOONISTS 1073 GERMANY VS. BELGIUM 1101 Case of the Secret Military Documents Presented by Both Sides THE BIG AND THE GREAT (Poem) 1114 By William Archer "FROM THE BODY OF THIS DEATH" (Poem) 1119 By Sidney Low "A SCRAP OF PAPER" 1120 By Chancellor von Bethmann-Hollweg and Sir Edward Grey THE KAISER AT DONCHERY 1125 By The Associated Press HAIL! A HYMN TO BELGIUM (Music by F. H. Cowen) 1126 By John Galsworthy HOLLAND'S FUTURE (With Map) 1128 By H.G. Wells FRENCH OFFICIAL REPORT ON GERMAN ATROCITIES 1133 A FRENCH MAYOR'S PUNISHMENT 1163 By The Associated Press WE WILL FIGHT TO THE END 1164 By Premier Viviani of France NUITS BLANCHES 1166 By H.S. Haskins UNCONQUERED FRANCE 1167 From the Bulletin Francais FOUR MONTHS OF WAR (With Map) 1169 From the Bulletin des Armees LONG LIVE THE ALLIES! 1174 By Claude Monet UNITED STATES FAIR TO ALL 1175 By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State THE HOUSE WITH SEALED DOORS (Poem) 1183 By Edith M. Thomas SEIZURES OF AMERICAN CARGOES 1184 By William J. Bryan, American Secretary of State GERMAN CROWN PRINCE TO AMERICA 1187 By The Associated Press THE OFFICIAL BRITISH EXPLANATION 1188 By Sir Edward Grey ITALY AND THE WAR (With Map) 1192 By William Roscoe Thayer HE HEARD THE BUGLES CALLING (Poem) 1198 By Carey C.D. Briggs GERMAN SOLDIERS WRITE HOME 1199 WAR CORRESPONDENCE 1207 THE BROKEN ROSE (TO KING ALBERT) 1210 By Annie Vivanti Chartres THE HEROIC LANGUAGE (Poem) 1216 By Alice Meynell CHRONOLOGY OF THE WAR 1224 TO HIS MAJESTY KING ALBERT (Poem) 1228 By William Watson

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"Common Sense About the War"

By George Bernard Shaw.

I.

The time has now come to pluck up courage and begin to talk and write soberly about the war. At first the mere horror of it stunned the more thoughtful of us; and even now only those who are not in actual contact with or bereaved relation to its heartbreaking wreckage can think sanely about it, or endure to hear others discuss it coolly. As to the thoughtless, well, not for a moment dare I suggest that for the first few weeks they were all scared out of their wits; for I know too well that the British civilian does not allow his perfect courage to be questioned; only experienced soldiers and foreigners are allowed the infirmity of fear. But they certainly were—shall I say a little upset? They felt in that solemn hour that England was lost if only one single traitor in their midst let slip the truth about anything in the universe. It was a perilous time for me. I do not hold my tongue easily; and my inborn dramatic faculty and professional habit as a playwright prevent me from taking a one-sided view even when the most probable result of taking a many-sided one is prompt lynching. Besides, until Home Rule emerges from its present suspended animation, I shall retain my Irish capacity for criticising England with

something of the detachment of a foreigner, and perhaps with a certain slightly malicious taste for taking the conceit out of her. Lord Kitchener made a mistake the other day in rebuking the Irish volunteers for not rallying faster to the defense of "their country." They do not regard it as their country yet. He should have asked them to come forward as usual and help poor old England through a stiff fight. Then it would have been all right.

Having thus frankly confessed my bias, which you can allow for as a rifleman allows for the wind, I give my views for what they are worth. They will be of some use; because, however blinded I may be by prejudice or perversity, my prejudices in this matter are not those which blind the British patriot, and therefore I am fairly sure to see some things that have not yet struck him.

And first, I do not see this war as one which has welded Governments and peoples into complete and sympathetic solidarity as against the common enemy. I see the people of England united in a fierce detestation and defiance of the views and acts of Prussian Junkerism. And I see the German people stirred to the depths by a similar antipathy to English Junkerism, and anger at the apparent treachery and duplicity of the attack made on them by us in their extremest peril from France and Russia. I see both nations duped, but alas! not quite unwillingly duped, by their Junkers and Militarists into wreaking on one another the wrath they should have spent in destroying Junkerism and Militarism in their own country. And I see the Junkers and Militarists of England and Germany jumping at the chance they have longed for in vain for many years of smashing one another and establishing their own oligarchy as the dominant military power in the world. No doubt the heroic remedy for this tragic misunderstanding is that both armies should shoot their officers and go home to gather in their harvests in the villages and make a revolution in the towns; and though this is not at present a practicable solution, it must be frankly mentioned, because it or something like it is always a possibility in a defeated conscript army if its commanders push it beyond human endurance when its eyes are opening to the fact that in murdering its neighbours it is biting off its nose to vex its face, besides riveting the intolerable yoke of Militarism and Junkerism more tightly than ever on its own neck. But there is no chance—or, as our Junkers would put it, no danger—of our soldiers yielding to such an ecstasy of common sense. They have enlisted voluntarily; they are not defeated nor likely to be; their communications are intact and their meals reasonably punctual; they are as pugnacious as their officers; and in fighting Prussia they are fighting a more deliberate, conscious, tyrannical, personally insolent, and dangerous Militarism than their own. Still, even for a voluntary professional army, that possibility exists, just as for the civilian there is a limit beyond which taxation, bankruptcy, privation, terror, and inconvenience cannot be pushed without revolution or a social dissolution more ruinous than submission to conquest. I mention all this, not to make myself wantonly disagreeable, but because military persons, thinking naturally that there is nothing like leather, are now talking of this war as likely to become a permanent institution like the Chamber of Horrors at Madame Tussaud's, forgetting, I think, that the rate of consumption maintained by modern military operations is much greater relatively to the highest possible rate of production maintainable under the restrictions of war time than it has ever been before.

The Day of Judgment.

The European settlement at the end of the war will be effected, let us hope, not by a regimental mess of fire-eaters sitting around an up-ended drum in a vanquished Berlin or Vienna, but by some sort of Congress in which all the Powers (including, very importantly, the United States of America) will be represented. Now I foresee a certain danger of our being taken by surprise at that Congress, and making ourselves unnecessarily difficult and unreasonable, by presenting ourselves to it in the character of Injured Innocence. We shall not be accepted in that character. Such a Congress will most certainly regard us as being, next to the Prussians (if it makes even that exception), the most quarrelsome people in the universe. I am quite conscious of the surprise and scandal this anticipation may cause among my more highminded (hochnaesig, the Germans call it) readers. Let me therefore break it gently by expatiating for a while on the subject of Junkerism and Militarism generally, and on the history of the literary propaganda of war between England and Potsdam which has been going on openly for the last forty years on both sides. I beg the patience of my readers during this painful operation. If it becomes unbearable, they can always put the paper down and relieve themselves by calling the Kaiser Attila and Mr. Keir Hardie a traitor twenty times or so. Then they will feel, I hope, refreshed enough to resume. For, after all, abusing the Kaiser or Keir Hardie or me will not hurt the Germans, whereas a clearer view of the political situation will certainly help us. Besides, I do not believe that the trueborn Englishman in his secret soul relishes the pose of Injured Innocence any more than I do myself. He puts it on only because he is told that it is respectable.

Junkers All.

What is a Junker? Is it a German officer of twenty-three, with offensive manners, and a habit of cutting down innocent civilians with his sabre? Sometimes; but not at all exclusively that or anything like that. Let us resort to the dictionary. I turn to the Encyclopaedisches Woerterbuch of Muret Sanders. Excuse its quaint German-English.

Junker = Young nobleman, younker, lording, country squire, country gentleman, squirearch. Junkerberrschaft = squirearchy, landocracy. Junkerleben = life of a country gentleman, (figuratively) a jolly life. Junkerpartei = country party. Junkerwirtschaft = doings of the country party.

Thus we see that the Junker is by no means peculiar to Prussia. We may claim to produce the article in a perfection that may well make Germany despair of ever surpassing us in that line. Sir Edward Grey is a Junker from his topmost hair to the tips of his toes; and Sir Edward is a charming man, incapable of cutting down even an Opposition front bencher, or of telling a German he intends to have him shot. Lord Cromer is a Junker. Mr. Winston Churchill is an odd and not disagreeable compound of Junker and Yankee: his frank anti-German pugnacity is enormously more popular than the moral babble (Milton's phrase) of his sanctimonious colleagues. He is a bumptious and jolly Junker, just as Lord Curzon is an uppish Junker. I need not string out the list. In these islands the Junker is literally all over the shop.

It is very difficult for anyone who is not either a Junker or a successful barrister to get into an English Cabinet, no matter which party is in power, or to avoid resigning when we strike up the drum. The Foreign Office is a Junker Club. Our governing classes are overwhelmingly Junker: all who are not Junkers are riff-raff whose only claim to their position is the possession of ability of some sort: mostly ability to make money. And, of course, the Kaiser is a Junker, though less true-blue than the Crown Prince, and much less autocratic than Sir Edward Grey, who, without consulting us, sends us to war by a word to an ambassador and pledges all our wealth to his foreign allies by a stroke of his pen.

What Is a Militarist?

Now that we know what a Junker is, let us have a look at the Militarists. A Militarist is a person who believes that all real power is the power to kill, and that Providence is on the side of the big

battalions. The most famous Militarist at present, thanks to the zeal with which we have bought and quoted his book, is General Friedrich von Bernhardi. But we cannot allow the General to take precedence of our own writers as a Militarist propagandist. I am old enough to remember the beginning of the anti-German phase of that very ancient propaganda in England. The Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871 left Europe very much taken aback. Up to that date nobody was afraid of Prussia, though everybody was a little afraid of France; and we were keeping "buffer States" between ourselves and Russia in the east. Germany had indeed beaten Denmark; but then Denmark was a little State, and was abandoned in her hour of need by those who should have helped her, to the great indignation of Ibsen. Germany had also beaten Austria; but somehow everybody seems able to beat Austria, though nobody seems able to draw the moral that defeats do not matter as much as the Militarists think, Austria being as important as ever. Suddenly Germany beat France right down into the dust, by the exercise of an organized efficiency in war of which nobody up to then had any conception. There was not a State in Europe that did not say to itself: "Good Heavens! what would happen if she attacked us?" We in England thought of our old-fashioned army and our old-fashioned commander George Ranger (of Cambridge), and our War Office with its Crimean tradition of imbecility; and we shook in our shoes. But we were not such fools as to leave it at that. We soon produced the first page of the Bernhardian literature: an anonymous booklet entitled The Battle of Dorking. It was not the first page of English Militarist literature: you have only to turn back to the burst of glorification of war which heralded the silly Crimean campaign (Tennyson's Maud is a surviving sample) to find paeans to Mars which would have made Treitschke blush (perhaps they did); but it was the first page in which it was assumed as a matter of course that Germany and not France or Russia was England's natural enemy. The Battle of Dorking had an enormous sale; and the wildest guesses were current as to its authorship. And its moral was "To arms; or the Germans will besiege London as they besieged Paris." From that time until the present, the British propaganda of war with Germany has never ceased. The lead given by The Battle of Dorking was taken up by articles in the daily press and the magazines. Later on came the Jingo fever (anti-Russian, by the way; but let us not mention that just now), Stead's Truth About the Navy, Mr. Spenser Wilkinson, the suppression of the Channel Tunnel, Mr. Robert Blatchford, Mr. Garvin, Admiral Maxse, Mr. Newbolt, Mr. Rudyard Kipling, The National Review, Lord Roberts, the Navy League, the imposition of an Imperialist Foreign Secretary on the Liberal Cabinet, Mr. Wells's War in the Air (well worth re-reading just now), and the Dreadnoughts. Throughout all these agitations the enemy, the villain of the piece, the White Peril, was Prussia and her millions of German conscripts. At first, in The Battle of Dorking phase, the note was mainly defensive. But from the moment when the Kaiser began to copy our Armada policy by building a big fleet, the anti-German agitation became openly aggressive; and the cry that the German fleet or ours must sink, and that a war between England and Germany was bound to come some day, speedily ceased to be merely a cry with our Militarists and became an axiom with them. And what our Militarists said our Junkers echoed; and our Junker diplomatists played for. The story of how they manoeuvred to hem Germany and Austria in with an Anglo-Franco-Russian combination will be found told with soldierly directness and with the proud candor of a man who can see things from his own side only in the article by Lord Roberts in the current number of The Hibbert Journal (October, 1914). There you shall see also, after the usual nonsense about Nietzsche, the vision of "British administrators bearing the White Man's Burden," of "young men, fresh from the public schools of Britain, coming eagerly forward to carry on the high traditions of Imperial Britain in each new dependency which comes under our care," of "our fitness as an Imperial race," of "a great task committed to us by Providence," of "the will to conquer that has never failed us," of our task of "assuming control of one-fifth of the earth's surface and the care of one in five of all the inhabitants of the world." Not a suggestion that the inhabitants of the world are perhaps able to take care of themselves. Not even a passing recollection when that White Man's Burden is in question that the men outside the British Empire, and even inside the German Empire, are by no means exclusively black. Only the sancta simplicitas that glories in "the proud position of England," the "sympathy, tolerance, prudence and benevolence of our rule" in the east (as shown, the Kaiser is no doubt sarcastically remarking, in the Delhi sedition trial), the chivalrous feeling that it is our highest duty to save the world from the horrible misfortune of being governed by anybody but those young men fresh from the public schools of Britain. Change the words Britain and British to Germany and German, and the Kaiser will sign the article with enthusiasm. His opinion, his attitude (subject to that merely verbal change) word for word.

Six of One: Half-a-Dozen of The Other.

Now, please observe that I do not say that the agitation was unreasonable. I myself steadily advocated the formation of a formidable armament, and ridiculed the notion that, we, who are wasting hundreds of millions annually on idlers and wasters, could not easily afford double, treble, quadruple our military and naval expenditure. I advocated the compulsion of every man to serve his country, both in war and peace. The idlers and wasters perceiving dimly that I meant the cost to come out of their pockets and meant to use the admission that riches should not exempt a man from military service as an illustration of how absurd it is to allow them to exempt him from civil service, did not embrace my advocacy with enthusiasm; so I must reaffirm it now lest it should be supposed that I am condemning those whose proceedings I am describing. Though often horribly wrong in principle, they were quite right in practice as far as they went. But they must stand to their guns now that the guns are going off. They must not pretend that they were harmless Radical lovers of peace, and that the propaganda of Militarism and of inevitable war between England and Germany is a Prussian infamy for which the Kaiser must be severely punished. That is not fair, not true, not gentlemanly. We began it; and if they met us half-way, as they certainly did, it is not for us to reproach them. When the German fire-eaters drank to The Day (of Armageddon) they were drinking to the day of which our Navy League fire-eaters had first said "It's bound to come." Therefore, let us have no more nonsense about the Prussian Wolf and the British Lamb, the Prussian Machiavelli and the English Evangelist. We cannot shout for years that we are boys of the bulldog breed, and then suddenly pose as gazelles. No. When Europe and America come to settle the treaty that will end this business (for America is concerned in it as much as we are), they will not deal with us as the lovable and innocent victims of a treacherous tyrant and a savage soldiery. They will have to consider how these two incorrigibly pugnacious and inveterately snobbish peoples, who have snarled at one another for forty years with bristling hair and grinning fangs, and are now rolling over with their teeth in one another's throats, are to be tamed into trusty watch-dogs of the peace of the world. I am sorry to spoil the saintly image with a halo which the British Jingo journalist sees just now when he looks in the glass; but it

must be done if we are to behave reasonably in the imminent day of reckoning.

And now back to Friedrich von Bernhardi.

General Von Bernhardi.

Like many soldier-authors, Friedrich is very readable; and he maintains the good and formidable part of the Bismarck tradition: that is, he is not a humbug. He looks facts in the face; he deceives neither himself nor his readers; and if he were to tell lies—as he would no doubt do as stoutly as any British, French, or Russian officer if his country's safety were at stake—he would know that he was telling them. Which last we think very bad taste on his part, if not downright wickedness.

It is true that he cites Frederick the Great as an exemplary master of war and of Weltpolitik. But his chief praise in this department is reserved for England. It is from our foreign policy, he says, that he has learnt what our journalists denounce as "the doctrine of the bully, of the materialist, of the man with gross ideals: a doctrine of diabolical evil." He frankly accepts that doctrine from us (as if our poor, honest muddle-heads had ever formulated anything so intellectual as a doctrine), and blames us for nothing but for allowing the United States to achieve their solidarity and become formidable to us when we might have divided them by backing up the South in the Civil War. He shows in the clearest way that if Germany does not smash England, England will smash Germany by springing at her the moment she can catch her at a disadvantage. In a word he prophesies that we, his great masters in Realpolitik, will do precisely what our Junkers have just made us do, It is we who have carried out the Bernhardi programme: it is Germany who has neglected it. He warned Germany to make an alliance with Italy, Austria, Turkey, and America, before undertaking the subjugation, first of France, then of England. But a prophet is not without honour save in his own country; and Germany has allowed herself to be caught with no ally but Austria between France and Russia, and thereby given the English Junkers their opportunity. They have seized it with a punctuality that must flatter Von Bernhardi, even though the compliment be at the expense of his own country. The Kaiser did not give them credit for being keener Junkers than his own. It was an unpleasant, indeed an infuriating surprise. All that a Kaiser could do without unbearable ignominy to induce them to keep their bulldogs off and give him fair play with his two redoubtable foes, he did. But they laughed Frederick the Great's laugh and hurled all our forces at him, as he might have done to us, on Bernhardian principles, if he had caught us at the same disadvantage. Officially, the war is Junker-cut-Junker, militarist-cut-Militarist; and we must fight it out, not Heuchler-cut-Hypocrite, but hammer and tongs.

Militarist Myopia.

Unofficially, it is quite another matter. Democracy, even Social-Democracy, though as hostile to British Junkers as to German ones, and under no illusion as to the obsolescence and colossal stupidity of modern war, need not lack enthusiasm for the combat, which may serve their own ends better than those of their political opponents. For Bernhardi the Brilliant and our own very dull Militarists are alike mad: the war will not do any of the things for which they rushed into it. It is much more likely to do the things they most dread and deprecate: in fact, it has already swept them into the very kind of organization they founded an Anti-Socialist League to suppress. To shew how mad they are, let us suppose the war carries out their western program to the last item. Suppose France rises from the war victorious, happy and glorious, with Alsace and Lorraine regained, Rheims cathedral repaired in the best modern trade style, and a prodigious indemnity in her pocket! Suppose we tow the German fleet into Portsmouth, and leave Hohenzollern metaphorically under the heel of Romanoff and actually in a comfortable villa in Chislehurst, the hero of all its tea parties and the judge of all its gymkhanas! Well, cry the Militarists, suppose it by all means: could we desire anything better? Now I happen to have a somewhat active imagination; and it flatly refuses to stop at this convenient point. I must go on supposing. Suppose France, with its military prestige raised once more to the Napoleonic point, spends its indemnity in building an invincible Armada, stronger and nearer to us than the German one we are now out to destroy! Suppose Sir Edward Grey remonstrates, and Monsieur Delcasse replies, "Russia and France have humbled one Imperial Bully, and are prepared to humble another. I have not forgotten Fashoda. Stop us if you can; or turn, if you like, for help to the Germany we have smashed and disarmed!" Of what use will all this bloodshed be then, with the old situation reproduced in an aggravated form, the enemy closer to our shores, a raid far more feasible, the tradition of "natural enmity" to steel the foe, and Waterloo to be wiped out like Sedan? A child in arms should be able to see that this idiotic notion of relaxing the military pressure on us by smashing this or that particular Power is like trying to alter the pressure of the ocean by dipping up a bucket of water from the North Sea and pouring it into the Bay of Biscay.

I purposely omit more easterly supposings as to what victorious Russia might do. But a noble emancipation of Poland and Finland at her own expense, and of Bosnia and Harzegovina at Austria's, might easily suggest to our nervous Militarists that a passion for the freedom of Egypt and India might seize her, and remind her that we were Japan's ally in the day of Russia's humiliation in Manchuria. So there at once is your Balance of Power problem in Asia enormously aggravated by throwing Germany out of the anti-Russian scale and grinding her to powder. Even in North Africa—but enough is enough. You can durchhauen your way out of the frying pan, but only into the fire. Better take Nietzsche's brave advice, and make it your point of honour to "live dangerously." History shews that it is often the way to live long.

Learning Nothing: Forgetting Everything.

But let me test the Militarist theory, not by a hypothetical future, but by the accomplished and irrevocable past. Is it true that nations must conquer or go under, and that military conquest means prosperity and power for the victor and annihilation for the vanquished? I have already alluded in passing to the fact that Austria has been beaten repeatedly: by France, by Italy, by Germany, almost by everybody who has thought it worth while to have a whack at her; and yet she is one of the Great Powers; and her alliance has been sought by invincible Germany. France was beaten by Germany in 1870 with a completeness that seemed impossible; yet France has since enlarged her territory whilst Germany is still pleading in vain for a place in the sun. Russia was beaten by the Japanese in Manchuria on a scale that made an end forever of the old notion that the West is the natural military superior of the East; yet it is the terror of Russia that has driven Germany into her present desperate onslaught on France; and it is the Russian alliance on which France and England are depending for their assurance of ultimate success. We ourselves confess that the military efficiency with which we have so astonished the Germans is the effect, not of Waterloo and Inkerman, but of the drubbing we got from the Boers, who we aid probably have beaten us if we had been anything like their own size. Greece has lately distinguished herself in war within a few years by a most disgraceful beating of the Turks. It would be easy to multiply instances from remoter history: for example, the effect on England's position of the repeated defeats of our troops by the French under Luxembourg in the Balance of Power War at the end of the seventeenth century

differed surprisingly little, if at all, from the effect of our subsequent victories under Marlborough. And the inference from the Militarist theory that the States which at present count for nothing as military Powers necessarily count for nothing at all is absurd on the face of it. Monaco seems to be, on the whole, the most prosperous and comfortable State in Europe.

In short, Militarism must be classed as one of the most inconsiderately foolish of the bogus "sciences" which the last half century has produced in such profusion, and which have the common characteristic of revolting all sane souls, and being stared out of countenance by the broad facts of human experience. The only rule of thumb that can be hazarded on the strength of actual practice is that wars to maintain or upset the Balance of Power between States, called by inaccurate people Balance of Power wars, and by accurate people Jealousy of Power wars, never establish the desired peaceful and secure equilibrium. They may exercise pugnacity, gratify spite, assuage a wound to national pride, or enhance or dim a military reputation; but that is all. And the reason is, as I shall shew very conclusively later on, that there is only one way in which one nation can really disable another, and that is a way which no civilized nation dare even discuss.

Are We Hypocrites?

And now I proceed from general considerations to the diplomatic history of the present case, as I must in order to make our moral position clear. But first, lest I should lose all credit by the startling incompatibility between the familiar personal character of our statesmen and the proceedings for which they are officially responsible, I must say a word about the peculiar psychology of English statesmanship, not only for the benefit of my English readers (who do not know that it is peculiar just as they do not know that water has any taste because it is always in their mouths), but as a plea for a more charitable construction from the wider world.

We know by report, however unjust it may seem to us, that there is an opinion abroad, even in the quarters most friendly to us, that our excellent qualities are marred by an incorrigible hypocrisy. To France we have always been Perfidious Albion. In Germany, at this moment, that epithet would be scorned as far too flattering to us. Victor Hugo explained the relative unpopularity of Measure for Measure among Shakespeare's plays on the ground that the character of the hypocrite Angelo was a too faithful dramatization of our national character. Pecksniff is not considered so exceptional an English gentleman in America as he is in England.

Now we have not acquired this reputation for nothing. The world has no greater interest in branding England with this particular vice of hypocrisy than in branding France with it; yet the world does not cite Tartuffe as a typical Frenchman as it cites Angelo and Pecksniff as typical Englishmen. We may protest against it as indignantly as the Prussian soldiers protest against their equally universal reputation for ferocity in plunder and pillage, sack and rapine; but there is something in it. If you judge an English statesman, by his conscious intentions, his professions, and his personal charm, you will often find him an amiable, upright, humane, anxiously truthful man. If you judge him, as a foreigner must, solely on the official acts for which he is responsible, and which he has to defend in the House of Commons for the sake of his party, you will often be driven to conclude that this estimable gentleman is, in point of being an unscrupulous superprig and fool, worse than Caesar Borgia and General Von Bernhardi rolled into one, and in foreign affairs a Bismarck in everything except commanding ability, blunt common sense, and freedom from illusion as to the nature and object of his own diplomacy. And the permanent officials in whose hands he is will probably deserve all that and something to spare. Thus you will get that amazing contrast that confronts us now between the Machiavellian Sir Edward Grey of the Berlin newspapers and the amiable and popular Sir Edward Grey we know in England. In England we are all prepared to face any World Congress and say, "We know that Sir Edward Grey is an honest English gentleman, who meant well as a true patriot and friend of peace; we are quite sure that what he did was fair and right; and we will not listen to any nonsense to the contrary." The Congress will reply, "We know nothing about Sir Edward Grey except what he did; and as there is no secret and no question as to what he did, the whole story being recorded by himself, we must hold England responsible for his conduct, whilst taking your word for the fact, which has no importance for us, that his conduct has nothing to do with his character."