Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885-1886, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891

 

 

DIRECTOR

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1891

 
 

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CONTENTS.

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REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.

Page. Letter of transmittal XIII Introduction XV Field work XVI Mound explorations XVI Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XVIII Explorations in stone villages XVIII Work of Director J. W. Powell XVIII Work of Mr. James Stevenson XXIV Work of Messrs. Victor Mindeleff and Cosmos Mindeleff XXV Work of Mr. E. W. Nelson XXVIII General field studies XXVIII Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow XXVIII Work of Mr. James C. Pilling XXX Work of Mr. Jeremiah Curtin XXX Office work XXX Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XXX Work of Mrs. V. L. Thomas XXXI Work of Mr. James C. Pilling XXXI Work of Mr. Frank H. Cushing XXXI Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XXXI Work of Mr. Charles C. Royce XXXII Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow XXXII Work of Dr. Washington Matthews

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">XXXII Work of Mr. W. H. Holmes XXXII Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XXXII Work of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff XXXIII Work of Mr. E. W. Nelson XXXIII Work of Col. Garrick Mallery XXXIV Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XXXIV Work of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet XXXIV Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XXXIV Work of Mr. James Mooney XXXIV Synonymy of Indian tribes XXXIV Accompanying papers XXXVI

Linguistic families of North America

XXXVI

The Midē´wiwin or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa, by Dr. W. J. Hoffman, and The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees, by Mr. James Mooney

XXXIX Financial statement XLI   Index

ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.

INDIAN LINGUISTIC FAMILIES OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO,
BY J. W. POWELL.

Page. Nomenclature of linguistic families 7

Literature relating to the classification of Indian languages

12 Linguistic map 25 Indian tribes sedentary 30 Population 33 Tribal land 40 Village sites 40 Agricultural land 41 Hunting claims 42 Summary of deductions 44 Linguistic families 45 Adaizen family 45 Algonquian family 47 Algonquian area 47 Principal Algonquian tribes 48 Population 48 Athapascan family 51 Boundaries 52 Northern group 53 Pacific group 53 Southern group 54 Principal tribes 55 Population 55 Attacapan family 56 Beothukan family 57 Geographic distribution 58 Caddoan family 58 Northern group 60 Middle group 60 Southern group 60 Principal tribes 61 Population 62 Chimakuan family 62 Principal tribes 63 Chimarikan family 63 Principal tribes 63 Chimmesyan family 63 Principal tribes or villages 64 Population 64 Chinookan family 65 Principal tribes 66 Population 66 Chitimachan family 66 Chumashan family 67 Population 68 Coahuiltecan family 68 Principal tribes 69 Copehan family 69

class="inset2">Geographic distribution 69 Principal tribes 70 Costanoan family 70 Geographic distribution 71 Population 71 Eskimauan family 71 Geographic distribution 72 Principal tribes and villages 74 Population 74 Esselenian family 75 Iroquoian family 76 Geographic distribution 77 Principal tribes 79 Population 79 Kalapooian family 81 Principal tribes 82 Population 82 Karankawan family 82 Keresan family 83 Villages 83 Population 83 Kiowan family 84 Population 84 Kitunahan family 85 Tribes 85 Population 85 Koluschan family 85 Tribes 87 Population 87 Kulanapan family 87 Geographic distribution 88 Tribes 88 Kusan family 89 Tribes 89 Population 89 Lutuamian family 89 Tribes 90 Population 90 Mariposan family 90 Geographic distribution 91 Tribes 91 Population 91 Moquelumnan family 92 Geographic distribution 93 Principal tribes 93 Population 93 Muskhogean family 94 Geographic distribution 94 Principal tribes 95 Population 95 Natchesan family 95 Principal tribes 97 Population 97 Palaihnihan family 97 Geographic distribution 98 Principal tribes 98 Piman family 98 Principal tribes 99 Population 99 Pujunan family 99 Geographic distribution 100 Principal tribes 100 Quoratean family 100 Geographic distribution 101 Tribes 101 Population 101 Salinan family 101 Population 102 Salishan family 102 Geographic distribution 104 Principal tribes 104 Population 105 Sastean family 105 Geographic distribution 106 Shahaptian family 106 Geographic distribution 107 Principal tribes and population 107 Shoshonean family 108 Geographic distribution 109 Principal tribes and population 110 Siouan family 111 Geographic distribution 112 Principal tribes 114 Population 116 Skittagetan family 118 Geographic distribution 120 Principal tribes 120 Population 121 Takilman family 121 Geographic distribution 121 Tañoan family 121 Geographic distribution 123 Population 123 Timuquanan family 123 Geographic distribution 123 Principal tribes 124 Tonikan family 125 Geographic distribution 125 Tonkawan family 125 Geographic distribution 125 Uchean family 126 Geographic

distribution 126 Population 27 Waiilatpuan family 127 Geographic distribution 127 Principal tribes 127 Population 128 Wakashan family 128 Geographic distribution 130 Principal Aht tribes 130 Population 130 Principal Haeltzuk tribes 131 Population 131 Washoan family 131 Weitspekan family 131 Geographic distribution 132 Tribes 132 Wishoskan family 133 Geographic distribution 133 Tribes 133 Yokonan family 133 Geographic distribution 134 Tribes 134 Population 135 Yanan family 135 Geographic distribution 135 Yukian family 135 Geographic distribution 136 Yuman family 136 Geographic distribution 137 Principal tribes 138 Population 138 Zuñian family 138 Geographic distribution 139 Population 139 Concluding remarks 139

THE MIDĒ´WIWIN OR “GRAND MEDICINE SOCIETY” OF THE OJIBWA,
BY W. J. HOFFMAN.

Introduction 149 Shamans 156 Midē´wiwin 164 Midē´wigân 187 First degree 189 Preparatory instruction 189 Midē´ therapeutics 197 Imploration for clear weather 207 Initiation of candidate 210 Descriptive notes 220 Second degree 224 Preparation of candidate 224 Initiation of candidate 231 Descriptive notes 236 Third degree 240 Preparation of candidate 241 Initiation of candidate 243 Descriptive notes 251 Fourth degree 255 Preparation of candidate 257 Initiation of candidate 258 Descriptive notes 274 Dzhibai´ Midē´wigân 278 Initiation by substitution 281 Supplementary notes 286 Pictography 286 Music 289 Dress and ornaments 298 Future of the society 299

THE SACRED FORMULAS OF THE CHEROKEES,
BY JAMES MOONEY.

Introduction 307 How the formulas were obtained 310

The A‛yûninĭ (Swimmer) manuscript

310 The Gatigwanastĭ (Belt) manuscript 312 The Gahunĭ manuscript 313 The Inâlĭ (Black Fox) manuscript 314 Other manuscripts 316

The Kanâhe´ta Ani-Tsa´lagĭ Etĭ or Ancient Cherokee Formulas

317

Character of the formulas— the Cherokee religion

318

Myth of the origin of disease and medicine

319

Theory of disease— animals, ghosts, witches

332 Selected list of plants used 324

Medical practice— theory of resemblances— fasting— tabu— seclusion— women

328

Illustration of the gaktûnta or tabu

331 Neglect of sanitary regulations 332

The sweat bath— bleeding— rubbing— bathing

333

Opposition of shamans to white physicians

336 Medicine dances 337 Description of symptoms 337 The ugista´‛tĭ or pay of the shaman 337

Ceremonies for gathering plants and preparing medicine

339

The Cherokee gods and their abiding places

340 Color symbolism 342 Importance attached to names 343 Language of the formulas 343 Specimen formulas 344

class="inset">Medicine 345 To treat the crippler (rheumatism)— from Gahuni 345 Second formula for the crippler— from Gahuni 349 Song and prescription for snake bites— from Gahuni 351 When something is causing something to eat them— Gahuni 353 Second formula for the same disease— A‛wanita 355 For moving pains in the teeth (neuralgia?)— Gatigwanasti 356 Song and prayer for the great chill— A‛yûnini 359 To make children jump down (child birth)— A‛yûnini 363 Second formula for child birth— Takwatihi 364 Song and prayer for the black yellowness (biliousness)— A‛yûnini 365 To treat for ordeal diseases (witchcraft)— A‛yûnini 366 Hunting 369 Concerning hunting— A‛yûnini 369 For hunting birds— A‛yûnini 371 To shoot dwellers in the wilderness— A‛wanita 372 Bear song— A‛yûnini 373 For catching large fish— A‛yûnini 374 Love 375 Concerning living humanity— Gatigwanasti 376 For going to water— Gatigwanasti 378 Yûnwehi song for painting— Gatigwanasti 379 Song and prayer to fix the affections— A‛yûnini 380 To separate lovers— A‛yûnini 381 Song and prayer to fix the affections— Gatigwanasti 382 Miscellaneous 384 To shorten a night-goer on this side— A‛yûnini 384 To find lost articles— Gatigwanasti 386 To frighten away a storm— A‛yûnini 387 To help warriors— A‛wanita 388 To destroy life (ceremony with beads)— A‛yûnini 391 To take to water for the ball play— A‛yûnini 395

ILLUSTRATIONS.

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Page. Plate I.

Map. Linguistic stocks of America north of Mexico

In pocket. II.

Map showing present distribution of Ojibwa

150 III. Bed Lake and Leech Lake records 166 IV. Sikas´sige’s record 170 V. Origin of Âníshinâ´bēg 172 VI. Facial decoration 174 VII. Facial decoration 178 VIII. Ojibwa’s record 182 IX. Mnemonic songs 192 X. Mnemonic songs 202 XI. Sacred objects 220 XII. Invitation sticks 226 XIII. Mnemonic songs 228 XIV. Mnemonic songs 238 XV. Sacred posts 240 XVI. Mnemonic songs 244 XVII. Mnemonic songs 266 XVIII. Jĕs´sakkīd´ removing disease 278 XIX. Birch-bark records 286 XX. Sacred bark scroll and contents 288 XXI. Midē´ relics from Leech Lake 290 XXII. Mnemonic songs 292 XXIII. Midē´ dancing garters 298 XXIV.

Portrait of A‛yûnini (Swimmer)

306 XXV.

Facsimile of A‛yûnini manuscript—Formula for Dalâni Ûnagei

310 XXVI.

Facsimile of Gatigwanasti manuscript—Yûnwĕhĭ formula

312 XXVII.

Facsimile of Grahuni manuscript—Formula for Didûnlĕskĭ

314 Fig. 1.

Herbalist preparing medicine and treating patient

159 2.

Sikas´sigē’s combined charts, showing descent of Mī´nabō´zho

174 3. Origin of ginseng 175 4. Peep-hole post 178 5. Migration of Âníshinâ´bēg 179 6. Birch-bark record, from White Earth 185 7. Birch-bark record, from Red Lake 186 8. Birch-bark record, from Red Lake 186 9. Eshgibō´ga 187 10.

Diagram of Midē´wigân of the first degree

188 11. Interior of Midē´wigân 188 12. Ojibwa drums 190

13. Midē´ rattle 191 14. Midē´ rattle 191 15. Shooting the Mīgis 192 16. Wooden beads 205 17. Wooden effigy 205 18. Wooden effigy 205 19. Hawk-leg fetish 220 20. Hunter’s medicine 222 21. Hunter’s medicine 222 22. Wâbĕnō´ drum 223 23.

Diagram of Midē´wigân of the second degree

224 34. Midē´ destroying an enemy 238 25.

Diagram of Midē´wigân of the third degree

240 26. Jĕs’sakkân´, or juggler’s lodge 252 27. Jĕs’sakkân´, or juggler’s lodge 252 28. Jĕs’sakkân´, or juggler’s lodge 252 29. Jĕs’sakkân´, or juggler’s lodge 252 30. Jĕs’sakkân´, or juggler’s lodge 252 31. Jĕs’sakkīd´ curing woman 255 32. Jĕs’sakkīd´ curing man 255 33.

Diagram of Midē´wigân of the fourth degree

255 34. General view of Midē´wigân 256 35. Indian diagram of ghost lodge 279 36. Leech Lake Midē´ song 295 37. Leech Lake Midē´ song 296 38. Leech Lake Midē´ song 297 39. Leech Lake Midē´ song 297

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Smithsonian Institution, Bureau Of Ethnology,

Washington, D.C., October 1, 1886.

Sir: I have the honor to submit my Seventh Annual Report as Director of the Bureau of Ethnology.

The first part consists of an explanation of the plan and operations of the Bureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on anthropologic subjects, prepared to illustrate the methods and results of the work of the Bureau.

I desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise counsel relating to the work under my charge. I am, with respect, your obedient servant,

Prof. Spencer F. Baird,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.