SOCIAL LIFE
IN ENGLAND
THROUGH THE CENTURIES

BY

H. R. WILTON HALL
Library Curator, Hertfordshire County Museum;
Sub-Librarian, St. Alban's Cathedral; Author of
"Hertfordshire: a Reading-book of the County"
&c.

BLACKIE AND SON LIMITED
50 OLD BAILEY LONDON
GLASGOW AND BOMBAY
1920

PREFACE

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In the course of the last ten or twelve years there has been a very marked development of interest in local history, and with it a desire not merely to "know more about the past" but a desire to appreciate intelligently the real value of those things, still to be seen, which speak of the gradual building up of the social life of the Nation, which rightly handled will play an important part in the work of reconstruction pressing upon us now, with its enormous difficulties and anxieties.

Much has been done in schools of all grades to utilize the material at hand—the things which can be seen in the locality—as an educational medium, opening out great possibilities for the development of curiosity, interest, personality, and power of initiative on the part of the children which, though it may not seem to yield any immediate results which can be appraised by examination methods on the lines of any "Syllabus", are "neither barren nor unfruitful".

Just now there are a number of schemes in the air for the institution of "Regional Survey" in schools, and a tendency amongst enthusiasts to get it put into school time-tables as a Syllabus Subject. However admirable the intention may be, and is, it is not as a Subject, but rather as a method in education, that its real value lies. "Regional Study" embraces so many subjects and they cannot be enterprised all at once, either by children or by anybody else.

This little book is intended to be suggestive, to stimulate interest and an intelligent curiosity, but it may serve as a foundation for conversational or more formal lessons and investigations under the teacher's direction, as his personal predilection, opportunities, taste, and judgment shall determine.

In the work of "Regional Study", where carried on with discrimination and with a commonsense apprehension of "relative values" it may be truly said:—

H. R. W. H.

Hertfordshire County Museum,
St. Alban's, September, 1919.

CONTENTS

Chap.   Page I. Introduction 1 II. Men who lived in Caves and Pits 3 III. The Pit-dwellers 6 IV. Earthworks, Mounds, Barrows, &c. 11 V. In Roman Times 15 VI. Early Saxon Times 19 VII. Early Saxon Villages 22 VIII. Anglo-Saxon Tuns and Vills 26 IX. Tythings and Hundreds—Shires 29 X. The Early English Town 33 XI. In Early Christian Times 35 XII. Monasteries 37 XIII. Towns and Villages in the Time of Cnut
the Dane 41 XIV. Churches and Monasteries in Danish and
Later Saxon Times 46 XV. Later Saxon Times 50 XVI. In Norman Times 52 XVII. In Norman Times (continued) 54 XVIII. In Norman Times: The Churches 56

XIX. Castles 58 XX. Castles and Towns 61 XXI. In Norman Times: The Monasteries 64 XXII. Early Houses 69 XXIII. Early Houses (continued) 72 XXIV. Early Town Houses 75 XXV. Life in the Towns of the Middle Ages 79 XXVI. The Growing Power of the Towns 85 XXVII. The Villages, Manors, Parishes, and Parks 89 XXVIII. Traces of Early Times in the Churches 93 XXIX. Traces of Early Times in the Churches
(continued) 97 XXX. Clerks 100 XXXI. Fairs 104 XXXII. Markets 108 XXXIII. Schools 113 XXXIV. Universities 118 XXXV. Changes brought about by the Black Death 122 XXXVI. Wool 125 XXXVII. The Poor 127 XXXVIII Changes in Houses and House-building 131 XXXIX. The Ruins of the Monasteries and the New
Buildings 135 XL. The New House of the Time of Queen
Elizabeth 139 XLI. Larger Elizabethan and Jacobean Houses 142 XLII. Churches after the Reformation 147 XLIII. class="smcap">Building after the Restoration: Houses 149 XLIV. Building after the Restoration: Churches 154 XLV. Schools after the Reformation 159 XLVI. Apprentices 168 XLVII. Play 171 XLVIII. Roads 175 XLIX. Roads—Railways

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44894@[email protected]#Page_182" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">182 L. Government 190 LI. Some Changes 195

LIST OF PLATES

  Page Health and Beauty in Modern Town Planning   Frontispiece   Implements and Ornaments of Stone, Bronze, and
Iron Ages 8 Stonehenge 13 Remains of a Roman House, excavated at Silchester 20 The Village Green, Exton, Rutland 28 Cross and Church, Geddington, Northamptonshire 37 Choir of Canterbury Cathedral 57 The Old Palace, Hatfield 72 Facsimile of a Portion of a Norman Document 88 Castle and Butter Market, Dunster, Somersetshire 105 Cloister Quadrangle, Magdalen College, Oxford 120 Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire 137 Interior of St. Mary-le-Bow, London 157 A School Playground Scene 164 Cricket, 18th Century 172 The New Inn, Gloucester 181

ILLUSTRATIONS AND DIAGRAMS

Chipped Flint Weapons 5 Lake-dwelling 10 Round Barrow 12 Long Barrow 12 Dolmen at Plas Newydd, Anglesea. The scene
of Druidical religious rites 14 Roman Pottery Kiln found at Castor, Hunts 18 Saxon Brooch found at Abingdon, made of
gold encrusted with coloured glass 23 Diagram of a Saxon Village Settlement 23 Ploughing. From an old Saxon Calendar in the
British Museum 31

pginternal" href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44894@[email protected]#saxon_church_at_bradford_on_avon" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Saxon Church at Bradford-on-Avon 40 Agriculture. From an eleventh-century manuscript in the
British Museum 43 Ploughing. From an eleventh-century manuscript in the
British Museum 45 Wooden Church at Greenstead, Essex 47 Consecration of a Saxon Church 49 Saxon Doorway, Earl's Barton, Northampton 51 Domesday Book 55 Norman Capital, Buckland Church, Berks 56 Norman Capital, Hanney Church, Berks 57 Norman Capital, St. Bartholomew's Priory Church,
London 57 Rochester Castle: The Keep 59 The White Tower, Tower of London 60 Norman Castle 63 Ruins of Furness Abbey 65 Foundation of a Minster 67 Bath Abbey 68 The Jew's House, Lincoln 71 Diagram of the Shape of a Villein's House 72 Old House, Cleveland, Yorkshire 74 Shop of the Middle Ages now standing in Foregate
Street, Chester 77 A Cradle of the Fourteenth Century now in a London
Museum 78 The Shambles, York; a street that preserves its narrow,
mediæval character 81 Hospital of St. Cross, Winchester 84 Seal of Guild Merchant, Gloucester, 1200 85 Court-house of Godmanchester, Hunts 88 Manor House, Thirteenth Century 91 Saxon, Norman, and Later Architectural Features 93 Effigy with Crossed Legs in the Temple Church, London 96 Spire of Norwich Cathedral Fourteenth Century 98 A Scriptorium, from a miniature painted in an old

class="i2 c4">manuscript 101 Writing before the Norman Conquest 103 Morris Dancers, Fourteenth Century 107 Market Cross and Portion of Shelter, Winchester 109 Market Scene in the Middle Ages 111 A School, Fourteenth Century 115 Part of Winchester College, built in 1692 117 Gloucester Hall, now Worcester College, Oxford,
founded 1283 119 Gownsman of Fifteenth Century. From an old print of
Chaucer's Clerk of Oxenford 121 Labourers felling a Tree, Fourteenth Century 124 Spinning Wheel, Fourteenth Century 124 Wayfarers, Early Fourteenth Century 130 The Moat House, Ightham, Kent 131 Part of the House called Plas Mawr, Conway, Wales 134 Old Timbered House, at Presleigh, Radnorshire,
dated 1616 138 Moreton Old Hall, Cheshire, built 1550-59 140 Diagram of a Large House 142 Hall and Staircase, Knole House, Kent, 1570 143 A Room in an Elizabethan House 144 Blickling Hall, Norfolk, built 1619 145 Monument in Chelsea Church, London; date about 1630 148 House at Rainham, Essex, built during the reign of
Queen Anne 150 Doorway from a House in Gt. Ormond Street, London 152 Pews in a Church at Stokesay, Shropshire, rebuilt 1654 155 King Edward VI's School and Alms Houses,
Stratford-on-Avon 159 Charity School, Gravel Lane, London 162 Bluecoat Boy 164 Schoolmaster and Pupils, early Seventeenth Century 166 Richmond County School. A modern council school under
the supervision of the Board of Education 167

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@44894@[email protected]#apprentice_sixteenth_century" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Apprentice, Sixteenth Century 169 Apprentices, Eighteenth Century 170 The Game of Bob-apple, Fourteenth Century 171 Boys' Sports 173 Diagrams of Layouts for a Boy's Game 174 Cart, Fourteenth Century 176 A Toll-gate, early Nineteenth Century 179 Coach, early Nineteenth Century 180 George Stephenson's Locomotive "The Rocket" 183 Building a Railway in the early Nineteenth Century 186 Sankey Valley Viaduct 188 The Town Hall, Carlisle, built in time of Elizabeth 190 Police Officer and Jailer, early Nineteenth Century 192 Hayes Barton Farm, Devonshire 197 Modern Industry 200

SOCIAL
LIFE IN ENGLAND

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CHAPTER I
Introduction

A little boy, who had been born in a log-cabin in the backwoods of Canada, was taken by his father, when he was about eight years old, to the nearest settlement, for the first time in his life. The little fellow had never till then seen any other house than that in which he had been born, for the settlement was many miles away. "Father," he said, "what makes all the houses come together?"

Now that sounds a very strange and foolish question to ask; but it is by no means as foolish a question as it seems. Here, in England, there are towns and villages dotted about all over the country. Some of them are near the sea, on some big bay or inlet; others stand a little farther inland, on the banks of tidal rivers; others are far away from the sea, in sheltered valleys or on the sunny slopes of hills; some stand in the midst of broad fertile plains, while others are on the verge of bleak lonely moorlands. What has made all the houses in these towns and villages come together in these particular spots? There must be a reason in every case why a particular spot should have been chosen in the first instance.

In trying to find an answer to this question with reference to any town or village in our country we have to go back, far back, into the past. We may have to go back to ages long before there was any written history. As we go back step by step into the past we learn much of the people who have lived before us—of their ways and their doings, and of the part they played in the life and work of the country.

The little Canadian boy's question can be asked about every town and village in the land. There are no two places exactly alike; each one has its own history, which, however simple it may be, is quite worth knowing. The busy manufacturing town, with its tens and hundreds of thousands of people, where all is movement and bustle, has its history; and the lonely country village, where everybody knows everybody else, has often a history even more interesting than that of the big town—if we only knew what to look for, and where to look for it.

One summer day, years ago, a party of tourists was climbing Helvellyn. One of the party was an elderly gentleman, who was particularly active, and anxious to get to the top. After several hours' stiff climbing the party reached the summit; and there, spread out before them, was a lovely view of hills and dales, of mountains and lakes. Most of the party gazed upon this fair scene in quiet enjoyment; but our old gentleman, as soon as he had recovered his breath, and mopped his red face with his pocket-handkerchief, gave one look round, and then said in a grieved tone: "Is that all? Nothing to see! Wish I hadn't come."

He saw nothing interesting, because he did not know what to look for, and he might just as well have stopped at the bottom. He came to see nothing, and he saw it.

CHAPTER II
Men who lived in Caves and Pits

Man is a very ancient creature. It is a curious fact that we have learned most of what we know about the earliest men from the rubbish which they have left behind them. Even nowadays, in this twentieth century, without knowing much about a boy personally, we can tell a good deal about his habits from the treasures he turns out of his pockets. Hard-hearted mothers and teachers call these treasures rubbish, but the contents of a lad's pockets are a pretty sure indication of the boy's tastes, and in what things he is interested.

The earliest traces of the existence of man in our part of the world are found in some places which are now many feet above the level of the sea. There, in the gravel, are the roughly-chipped stone tools and weapons which those early men used, tools which they lost or threw away. Almost every other trace has quite disappeared. Remains belonging to the same period have been noticed in caves in various parts of the world.

The illustration on p. 5 shows two of these very early stone weapons. You will find

collections of these, and also of later weapons, in any good museum. These earliest sorts are usually labelled "Palæolithic Stone Implements". The curator of such a museum, we may almost certainly say, would be willing to help you to see the specimens which he has under his care, and you would learn more about them in that way than by just glancing at a picture.

Here, in Britain, caves have been found where these early men have left their stone implements and remains of their rubbish. Some of the best known of such cave-dwellings in Britain are near Denbigh and St. Asaph in North Wales, at Uphill in Somersetshire, at King's Car and Victoria Cave near Settle, at Robin Hood's Cave and Pinhole in Derbyshire, in Pembrokeshire, in King Arthur's Cave in Monmouthshire, at Durdham Down near Bristol, near Oban, and in the gravels in the valleys of the Rivers Trent, Nore, and Dove, in the Irish River Blackwater, near Caithness, and in a good many other places.

So, you see, the remains of these early men cover a pretty wide area. In thinking of the life of those early days we must remember that the aspect of Britain was very different then from what it is now, for in that far-back time these islands were a part of the Continent of Europe, and the North Sea and English Channel were just valleys, with rivers flowing through them, tributaries of the Rhine. There were no insurmountable obstacles to cross between the Continent and these regions, and animals and early man gradually roamed into this part of the world. Geology teaches us a good deal concerning the changes the surface of the ground has undergone. The land was very much higher than it is now—Snowdon, for instance, was at least six hundred feet higher then—and the climate was very much colder. That race of men, apparently, has quite died out. In the course of ages rivers and seas have flowed over the places where these stone tools had been dropped, and, year after year throughout the ages, the drift brought down by the rivers covered them inch by inch and foot by foot. Great changes have taken place in the surface of the land, some suddenly, but most of them very, very slowly. The land has risen, and sunk again, and long, long ages of sunshine and storm, of ice and snow, of stormy wind and tempest, have altered the surface of the country.

Those very ancient men, who lived in the Early Stone Age, are called Cave-dwellers, because they lived apparently in caves, and River-drift Men and Lake-dwellers, because the roughly chipped tools are found in the drift of various rivers and lakes.

The Cave-man's weapons and tools were made of chipped flint, which he found broken on the surface of the ground, and these he chipped into shape. They are usually more or less oval, sometimes roughly in the form of a spear-head. Others are borers, or awls, for piercing holes in skins. For rougher work he had hammer-stones, with flat edges, and sharp bits of stone for scrapers. Amongst many other places where these relics have been found in considerable numbers is the Thames valley. They are met with in the higher gravels, on levels now many feet higher than they were in the Cave-man's day, for the surface has risen considerably; and we conclude that there must have been a good many of these people in that neighbourhood.