The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Ancient Cities of the New World, by Désiré Charnay, Translated by J. Gonino and Helen S. Conant

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Title: The Ancient Cities of the New World

Being Travels and Explorations in Mexico and Central America From 1857-1882

Author: Désiré Charnay

Release Date: May 15, 2014 [eBook #45656]

Language: English

Character set encoding: UTF-8

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THE
ANCIENT CITIES OF THE NEW WORLD.

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THE
Ancient Cities
OF THE
NEW WORLD.

BEING

Travels and Explorations in Mexico and Central America

From 1857-1882.

BY
DÉSIRÉ CHARNAY.

With numerous Illustrations.

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY

J. GONINO and HELEN S. CONANT.

LONDON: CHAPMAN AND HALL,
Limited.
1887.

CHARLES DICKENS AND EVANS,
CRYSTAL PALACE PRESS.

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TO

MR. PETER LORILLARD.

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Sir,

When the Minister of Public Instruction entrusted me with the study of the Ancient American Civilisations, you wished to become associated with my labours in a truly munificent spirit. You will find in the following pages the result of my discoveries, which, you are aware, were attended with perfect success. I strove, during the progress of these studies, to carry out the programme laid down by you towards the reconstruction of civilisations that have passed away. I think I have succeeded; and I hope to have sufficiently demonstrated that these civilisations had but one and the same origin—that they were Toltec and comparatively modern. If the learned world shall confirm my theory, and success crown my endeavours; if it shall be found that I have solved this vexed American question, so hotly controverted hitherto, it will be mainly due to your generous support.

Pray accept the dedication of this Work as a token of my deep gratitude.

DÉSIRÉ CHARNAY.

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TRANSLATORS’ NOTE.

The justification for having ventured to correct the spelling of some proper names, and other slight emendations, is to be found in the Author’s Preface, where he states that “he often trusted an uncertain memory for his quotations, and that his book was written between two expeditions.” There is more: it was deemed advisable, to suit a restless and exacting generation, to reduce the bulk of the volume, a task which was not undertaken without fear and trembling, the Translator being painfully conscious of shortcomings, and that retrenchment may have been where it should rather have expanded, and expanded where it should have retrenched.

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PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION.

The first notice upon this work appeared in the North American Review, the energetic Editor of which (Mr. A. Th. Rice) wished to be before all his contemporaries in giving his subscribers an aperçu of my labours. Unfortunately for them that publication contained my impressions of the moment, just as I dotted them down, which, as a natural consequence, had to be modified pari passu with my discoveries, whilst my quotations, owing to an uncertain memory, were not much to offer readers of such intrinsic merit. A second publication followed in the Tour du Monde, but although better thought out than the first, even that was too hastily written to do justice to the magnificent collection I now present to the public, in which the entire design I had at heart is revealed; and if the account of my discoveries, the issue which naturally follows, the theory I wish to establish, are still couched in language which may appear crude and incomplete, I ask the indulgence of my readers on the plea that this edition received the last touch between two expeditions. On the other hand the subject is so vast, that I only aimed at giving a broad outline, hoping for greater leisure at some future time.

My wish has been so to write as to be easily understood by all; to this end I have given my book the dual form of a journal as well as a scientific account: in it I recount the history of a civilisation which has long passed away, which is hardly known, or rather which has been systematically misunderstood and misrepresented. My explorations led me to the uplands of Mexico, the first establishments of the civilising race, and enabled me to trace the Toltecs step by step to their highest development in the various regions of Central America, and not unfrequently to give a certain date, to re-establish historical truth. There is nothing very extraordinary in this reconstruction, which, at first beautifully simple, became complicated with the countless contradictory accounts which have been published in regard to it. In the hands of the Spanish padres, origins, however obscure, were made to agree with the Biblical narrative both in their ponderous commentaries and their ridiculous systems, which, starting with the confusion of tongues, travelled on to the lost tribes of Israel, ending with the legend which ascribes to St. Thomas the apostleship of America. Modern historians have not been much better in this respect, and the last century has produced a stupendous amount of the most extraordinary publications, forming an inextricable labyrinth, of which the immense compilation of Bancroft may serve as an example.

The cause of this confusion is twofold: first and foremost, the destruction of nearly all the Indian documents by the conquerors; and secondly, the small degree of interest they felt for anything that dated before their advent. The first accounts, such as Ixtlilxochitl’s for instance, were written from narratives more or less trustworthy, delivered from memory by the natives, in which, as might be expected, the most incoherent traditions are mixed up with certain historical facts, without discrimination or the slightest spirit of criticism; for science is but of yesterday, and archæology, anthropology, and philology were as yet unknown. This explains why, if we except those things which fell under their personal observation, later historians are so infinitely superior to the ancient.

Up to the present day authentic documents have been wanting; for without any fault or demerit on the part of the explorers, their drawings of monuments, however carefully done, could not cope with modern photographs and squeezes. On the other hand, each traveller writing, it is true, from actual observation, but confining himself to one district, could only describe a few of the principal ruins, so that his theory respecting them was untenable when compared or applied to the ruins of the whole country. Thus it came to pass that the various epochs of American civilisation were dealt with as so many distinct civilisations, producing the utmost confusion. Whereas a sound study of American civilisation should set aside preconceived opinions and commentaries, and confine itself to its monuments, original documents, and such passages in ancient writers descriptive or explanatory of the end and object of these monuments, not neglecting the powerful aid of photography and squeezes; when a judicious and intelligent comparison of the relation these monuments bear to one another, must soon force the conviction that, whatever the time which divides them or the difference in their details, they belong to one and the same civilisation, and that of comparatively recent date—namely the Toltec.

We shall leave the question of first origins as being unnecessary for our purpose; as also traditions, prehistoric legends, language, and religion, confining ourselves to what may be termed history; that is, beginning with the arrival of the cultured Toltecs in Mexico. We shall note their establishment in the valley of Tula, their development on the high plateaux, the disruption of their empire; how they transmitted their industries and mechanical arts to the people who succeeded them; and lastly, we shall follow them in their exodus and find the traces of their civilisation everywhere on their passage and in the regions of Central America.

With regard to my theory on the relatively recent period of American civilisation and its Toltec origin, I am far from being the first in upholding it, since Stephens and Humboldt affirmed it some fifty years ago, whilst all the ancient chroniclers implied it. Is ancient Egypt less interesting because her MSS. are now read and her origin known? Why then should the people who raised the American monuments be less deserving of our regard, because they built them ten centuries sooner or ten centuries later? Does it alter the character of the monuments, or destroy an art unknown to us hitherto?

The question of first origins has always seemed to me an idle pursuit; and if the evolutionist doctrine is true, a perfect moral microscope would be required to reach the remote past of man, whose countless generations, scattered in every clime, go back to the dark period when our rude progenitors were hardly distinguished from the brute creation. Will it ever be possible to penetrate beyond? Besides, our ancestors have nothing in common with the autochthones of America, whom I firmly believe to have come from the extreme East. My reasons for this opinion are based on the fact that their architecture is so like the Japanese as to seem identical; that their decorative designs resemble the Chinese; whilst their customs, habits, sculpture, language, castes, and polity recall the Malays both in Cambodia, Annam, and Java. The word “Lacandon,” which is the name of a tribe in Central America, is also, according to Dr. Neis, that of a race in Indo-China, who spell it “Lah-Canh-dong.” F. Gamier says that “the Cambodians build their huts on piles some six or nine feet above the ground. At first sight it might be attributed to the necessity for protecting themselves from inundations; but as this mode of construction is found in places where no such danger exists, it must be ascribed to the instinct of a particular race” (it is the instinct of the Toltecs which caused them to erect their edifices on esplanades and pyramids); and in his description of the Khmer monuments at Angor-Tom and Angor-Wat he adds: “They are placed on pyramids of three to five stories high,” etc. The analogy is also seen in the ornamentation of the buildings, where the human figure is rudely treated, whilst great care is observable in the other decorative designs, a point which always struck us in American sculpture. It should also be remarked that bricks covered with plaster, stucco decoration, cemented floors, roads, and courtyards are common to the Malays and the Americans; whilst the corbel vault is found in Java, Cambodia, and America. Again, some temples at Lawoe, in Java, are built on pyramids, having a staircase on the slope leading to the edifice, like those of the Toltecs. This resemblance has struck every traveller, and is the more important that these monuments only date from the fourteenth or fifteenth century, and are far removed from those edifices which were introduced in Java by the followers of Buddha and Brahma; but the destruction of Indian temples and Indian beliefs was succeeded by an architectural atavism, a return to a Malay primitive type, evidenced by the monuments at Lawoe, which I visited in 1878, a fact which I think of vital importance.

Castes are purely Asiatic and unknown among the Red Indians, but they existed with the Toltecs, where the commonwealth was divided into distinct classes of priests, warriors, merchants, and tillers of the soil; whilst land was held in common, and a feudal system is apparent with both the Toltecs and Malays. Two languages are used in Java and Cambodia; one to address superiors, the other for the vulgar. This was also the case with the Toltecs, and gave rise to two different written languages. Finally, the worship of serpents as gods of wisdom, like Quetzalcoatl, is found in India, Greece, China, Japan, and particularly in Cambodia and Java. To us these points of resemblance are more than mere coincidence; something better than fortuitous analogies: they seem to point to a vast and novel field for the investigation of archæologists.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. PAGE VERA CRUZ AND PUEBLA 1 My former Mission—The present one—Why called Franco-American—Vera Cruz—Railway from Vera Cruz to Mexico—Warm Region—Temperate Region—Cordova—Orizaba—Maltrata—Cold Region—Esperanza—Puebla and Tlascala—The Old Route. CHAPTER II. MEXICO 17 Her New Appearance—Moral Transformation—Public Walks and Squares—Suburbs—Railway—Monuments—Cathedral—S. Domingo—S. Francisco—La Merced—Hats à la S. Basilio—Suppression of Religious Orders. CHAPTER III. THE INDIANS

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@45656@[email protected]#Page_35" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">35 El Salto del Agua—Netzahualcoyotl—Noche Triste—Historical Jottings—Chapultepec—Indians—Chinampas—Legends—Anecdote—Mexican Museum—Tizoc’s Stone, or Gladiator’s Stone—Yoke and Sacrificial Stone—Holy War—Religious Cannibalism—American Copper. CHAPTER IV. TULA 75 Journey to Tula—The Toltecs—Ancient Historians—Origins—Peregrinations—Foundation of Tula—Toltec Religion—Chief Deities—Art—Industry—Measurement of Time—The Word Calli—Architecture. CHAPTER V. TULA. PYRAMID OF THE SUN. ANTIQUITIES OF TULA 93 Caryatides—Columns—Capitals—Carved Shell—Tennis-ring—Tlachtli—Ancient Bas-reliefs—Toltecs Portrayed—Historical Jottings—The Temple of the Frog—Indian Vault—The Plaza—El Cerro del Tesoro. CHAPTER VI. PALPAN AND THE TOLTECS 104 Aspect of the Hill—Mogotes—The Toltecs and their Building Propensities—A Toltec House—Antiquities—Fragments—Malacates—Toltec Palace—Toltec Organisation—Dress—Customs—Education—Marriage—Orders of Knighthood—Philosophy—Religion—Future Life—Pulque—End of the Toltec Empire—Emigration. CHAPTER VII. TEOTIHUACAN 128 Quotations—Pre-Toltec Civilisation—Egyptian and Teotihuacan Pyramids Compared—General Aspect of the Pyramids—Cement Coatings—Tlateles and Pyramids—Idols and Masks—Description by Torquemada—S. Martin’s Village—Pulque and Mezcal—S. Juan of Teotihuacan. CHAPTER VIII. TEOTIHUACAN (continued) 141 Ruins of a Teotihuacan Palace—Cemetery—Bull-Fighting—Pits and Quarries—Excavations—A Toltec Palace—Ants—Ancient Tombs—Sepulchral Stone. CHAPTER IX. MOUNTAIN EXPLORATION 152 Travelling Companions—S. Lazarus Station—S. Anita—Ayotla—Tlalmanalco—Tenango del Aire—Amecameca—A Badly Lighted Town—Rateros—Monte-Sacro—Volcaneros. CHAPTER X. TENENEPANCO AND NAHUALAC CEMETERIES 163 The Rancho of Tlamacas—A Funeral Station—Great Excitement—Ascent—Search—Tenenepanco—Camping—Tlacualero—Excavations—Bodily Remains—Toys—A Beautiful Cup—A Well-preserved Skull—Mispayantla Grotto—Amecameca—A Tumulus Explored—Expedition to Iztaccihuatl—Nahualac—A Second Cemetery. CHAPTER XI. BELLOTE 183 Return to Vera Cruz—Toltec Cities—Quotations regarding Ancient Cities—Rio Tabasco at Frontera—S. Juan Bautista—Rio Gonzalèz—Canoas—Lagoons—Bellote Islands—Kjœkkenmœdings—Temples at Bellote—Chronological and Ornamental Slabs—Las Dos Bocas—Cortez—Rio Seco—Paraïso. CHAPTER XII. COMALCALCO 194 Description of Comalcalco—Fonda—Manners—Climate—Masks and Figures—Ruins—El Blasillo—Old Palaces Visited—Bricks and Bridges—Cemented Roads—Great Pyramid and its Monuments—Palace Described—Vases and Jicaras—Tecomates—Towers—Bas-reliefs—Small Pyramids and Temples—Reflexions—Disappearance of Indian Populations—Return to S. Juan—Don Candido—El Carmen—A Rich Wood-cutter. CHAPTER XIII. LAS PLAYAS AND PALENQUE 211 From S. Juan to Jonuta—S. Carlos—Indians and Alligators—Las Playas and Catasaja—Stone Cross—Rancho at Pulente—Palenque—The Two Slabs in the Temple of the Cross—First Engravings—Acala and Palenque from Cortez—Letter to the King—Palenque and Ocosingo mentioned by Juarros—Explorations—The Palace—Façade and Pyramids—Ornamentation on the Eastern Façade—An Old Relief Brought to Light—Palenque Artists and their Mode of Working—Medallions and Inner Passage—Reliefs in the Main Court—Apartments and Decorations—Inner Wing and Restoration—Western Façade—Palace Tower. CHAPTER XIV. PALENQUE TEMPLES 245 Palenque a Holy City—Bas-reliefs—Rain and Fever—A Grateful Cook—Temple of Inscriptions—Temple of the Sun—Temple of the Cross No. 1—Temple of the Cross No. 2—Altars—Mouldings and Photographs—Fire—Explorations—Fallen Houses—The Age of Trees in Connection with the Ruins—Recapitulation. CHAPTER XV. YUCATAN, MERIDA, AND THE MAYA RACE 262 Early Account of Yucatan—First Explorers: F. Hernandez de Cordova, Juan de Grijalva—Cortez—Railroad—Henequen Estate—Merida—Historical Jottings—Destruction of all the Documents by the Historian Landa—Municipal Palace—Cathedral—The Conqueror’s House—Private Houses—Market Place—Maya Race—Types—Manners and Customs of the Mayas—Deformation and Tattooing—Meztizas—Dwellings—Suburbs. CHAPTER XVI. AKÉ AND IZAMAL 288 Departure—A Family Exploration—“Volan coché”—Tixpénal and Tixkokob—Cenoté—Ruins of Aké—Historical Rectification—Small Pyramid—Tlachtli—A Large Gallery—Explorations—A Strange Theory—Picoté—Architecture of Yucatan at Different Epochs. CHAPTER XVII. IZAMAL EN ROUTE FOR CHICHEN 303 Expedition to Izamal and Chichen-Itza—Brigands—Cacalchen—Market Place—Great Pyramid—Small Pyramid and Colossal Decorative Figures—Cemented Roads—The Convent of the Virgin at Izamal—A Precarious Telegraph—Tunkas—Garrison—Quintana-Roo—An Old Acquaintance—Citas—A Fortified Church—Troops—Opening a Path—Native Entertainment—Arrival at Pisté. CHAPTER XVIII. CHICHEN-ITZA 323 Chichen-Itza—El Castillo—General Survey—A Maya City—Aguilar—Historical Jottings—Montejo’s Expedition—Historians—Their Contradictions—Chichen Deserted—The Conqueror’s Retreat—The Nunnery—Impressions and Photographs—Terrestrial Haloes—An Unexpected Visitor—Electric Telegraph at Akab-Sib—Prison—Caracol—Cenotés—Ruined Temples—The Temple of the Sacred Cenoté—Tennis-Court—Monuments Described—Portico—Paintings—Low-reliefs—New Analogy—The Tlalocs of Chichen and of the Uplands—Market-place—End of Our Labours—Col. Triconis. CHAPTER XIX. KABAH AND UXMAL 371 Departure for Ticul—Uayalceh—Mucuiche—Sacalun—An Old Souvenir—Ticul—Excavations at S. Francisco—Failure—Yucatec Vases—Entertainment at the Hacienda of Yokat—A Sermon in Maya—Hacienda of Santa Anna—Important Remains—The Ruins of Kabah—Monuments Surveyed—First Palace—Ornamental Wall—Cisterns—Inner Apartments—Second Palace—Great Pyramid—Ancient Writers Quoted—Stephens’ Drawings. CHAPTER XX. UXMAL 391 From Kabah to Santa Helena—A Maya Village—Uxmal—Hacienda—The Governor’s Palace—Cisterns and Reservoirs—The Nunnery and the Dwarf’s House—Legend—General View—“Cerro de los Sacrificios”—Don Peon’s Charter—Stephens’ Plan and Measurements—Friederichsthal—Conclusion—Our Return. CHAPTER XXI. CAMPECHE AND TENOSIQUÉ 414 From Progreso to Campeche—Incidents on Board—Carmen—Old Acquaintances—Indian Guns—Frontera—The Grijalva—Tabasco Pottery—Waiting—Carnival at Frontera—Julian’s Success—Departure—Jonuta—Monte-Cristo—Difficulties at the Custom House—Cabecera—Tenosiqué—Reminiscences—Monteros—The Lacandones—Our Mules Come—The Usumacinta—Sea Fish—Setting out for the Ruins—Route—Forest Camping—Second Day—Traces of Monuments—Mule and Horse Lost—Cortez—Arroyo Yalchilan—Provisions left Behind—Crossing the Cordillera—An Old Montero—Traces of Lacandones—Yalchilan Pass. CHAPTER XXII. LORILLARD TOWN 430 Paso Yalchilan—Another Mule Lost—An Anxious Night—A Wild Boar—Encampment—Upper Usumacinta—No Canoes—A Difficulty—Deliverance—Surprise—A Mysterious Traveller—A Canoe—Fever—Down Stream—A Votive Pillar—Ruins—I Meet with a Stranger—General View of Lorillard—A Reminiscence—Stephens’ “Phantom City”—Extent of the Ruins Unknown—Temple—Idol—Fortress—Our Dwelling Palace—Great Pyramid—Second Temple—Stone Lintels and Two Kinds of Inscriptions—Our Return—Lacandones. CHAPTER XXIII. PETEN, TAYASAL, TIKAL, AND COPAN 459 Departure from Peten—The River—The Sierra—Sacluc or Libertad—Cortez’ Route—Marzillo’s Story—Flores—Ancient Tayasal—Conquest of Peten—Various Expeditions—The Town Captured—The Inhabitants Disappear—Monuments Described—Tikal—Early Explorers—Temples—Bas-reliefs on Wood—Retrospection—Bifurcation of the Toltec Column at Tikal—Tikal—Toltecs in Guatemala—Coban—Demolition of Copan—Quetzalcoatl—Transformation of Stone Altar Bas-reliefs into Monolith Idols—End of an Art Epoch—Map of Toltec Migrations. CHAPTER XXIV. TUMBALA. S. CRISTOBAL. MITLA 482 Return to Tenosiqué—S. Domingo del Palenque Revisited—Departure for S. Cristobal—First Halt—No Tamenes—Setting out alone for Nopa—Bad Roads—No Food—Monkeys—Three Days Waiting at S. Pedro—The Cabildo—Hostile Attitude of the Natives—The Porters Arrive—They make off in the Night—From S. Pedro to Tumbala—Two Nights in the Forest—Tumbala—The Cura—Jajalun—Chilon—Citala—A Dominican Friar—Cankuk—Tenejapa—S. Cristobal—Valley of Chiapas—Tuxtla—Santa Lucia—Marimba—Tehuantepec—Totolapa—Oaxaca—Santa Maria del Tule—Ruins of Mitla.

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Pg xxiv
Pg xxv

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE A VIEW OF VERA CRUZ AND THE FORT OF SAN JUAN OF ULLOA 3 VIEW OF PUEBLA, TAKEN FROM ALTO 9 TWO PANORAMAS OF PUEBLA 13 CHURCH OF SAN DOMINGO 17 EL SAGRARIO 27 CLOISTER OF THE CONVENT OF LA MERCED 32 MEXICAN MONKS 34 EL SALTO DEL AGUA (FOUNTAIN) 35 TREE OF THE NOCHE TRISTE, AT POPOTLAN 38 CHAPULTEPEC 44 CHARCOAL AND BATTEAS VENDORS 45 MEXICAN WATER-CARRIER 49 MEXICAN TORTILLERA AND STRAW MAT SELLERS 51 COURT IN THE MEXICO MUSEUM 57 TEOYAOMIQUI, GOD OF DEATH AND WAR 60

THE STONE OF THE SUN, OR OF TIZOC, MEXICO MUSEUM

61 THE TEMALACATL, OR GLADIATORIAL STONE (FROM RAMIREZ MS.) 63 WRONG AND RIGHT SACRIFICIAL COLLARS 68 HUMAN SACRIFICES 74 ANCIENT INDIAN POTTERY 75 EXTRACTING PULQUE 77 TOLTEC POTTERY 82 TLALOC, FROM A PIECE OF POTTERY 83 TOLTEC CROSSES 86 QUETZALCOATL, UNDER HIS BEST-KNOWN ATTRIBUTES 87 COTTON SPINNING 89 CALLI, IN PROFILE 91 CAPITAL, FOUND AT TULA 92 THE PYRAMID OF THE SUN, TULA 93 TOLTEC CARYATID, TULA 94 PARTS OF A COLUMN, TULA 95 TENNIS-RING, TULA 95 WARRIOR’S PROFILE, FOUND AT TULA 97 TOLTEC BAS-RELIEFS 99 YOUNG GIRLS OF TULA 102 RUINS OF A TOLTEC HOUSE 104

GROUND PLAN OF FIRST TOLTEC HOUSE UNEARTHED AT TULA (FROM LEMAIRE)

105 PLAN OF THE HILL AT TULA (ANCIENT PALPAN) 106

GROUND PLAN OF TOLTEC PALACE UNEARTHED AT TULA (LEMAIRE)

107 VIEW OF RUINED TOLTEC PALACE 109

FEMALE DANCERS AND TECUHTLIS (FROM RAMIREZ MS. AND FATHER DURAN)

114

YOUNG TOLTEC GIRL (FROM MODERN INDIAN TYPES AND FATHER DURAN’S “HIST. DE LAS INDIAS”)

117

INDIAN KING (DRAWN FROM CLAVIGERO, RAMIREZ MS. AND FATHER DURAN)

123 MURAL PAINTING OF TOLTEC HOUSE 127 PYRAMIDS OF SUN AND MOON TEOTIHUACAN 128

TERRA-COTTA MASKS AND HEADS FOUND AT TEOTIHUACAN

133 ROAD TO S. MARTIN 135 CHURCH OF S. JUAN, TEOTIHUACAN 137 MILE-STONE, OR VOTIVE COLUMN, TEOTIHUACAN 140 RUINS OF A PALACE, TEOTIHUACAN 141

GROUND PLAN OF PRINCIPAL RUINS OF TEOTIHUACAN

143 GROUND PLAN OF TOLTEC PALACE AT TEOTIHUACAN 145 VOTIVE STONES, TEOTIHUACAN 149 TOLTEC SEPULCHRAL STONE, TEOTIHUACAN 151 RUINS OF TLALMANALCO 152 SANTA ANITA CANAL 155 AMECAMECA 157 HACIENDA OF TOMACOCO 160 VOLCANEROS (MINERS) 162 BURIAL-GROUND, TENENEPANCO 163 POPOCATEPETL AND PICO DEL FRAILE 165 VASES FOUND AT TENENEPANCO 169

CARICATURE OF TECUHTLI-KNIGHT (KNIGHT OF THE EAGLE)

171 BOTTOM OF ENAMELLED CUP FOUND IN THE BURIAL-GROUND 173 CARTS, CHILDREN’S TOYS 175 VASES OF BURIAL-GROUND UNEARTHED AT NAHUALAC 177 POND OF

NAHUALAC 182 QUAY OF S. JUAN BAUTISTA 183 CANOA (BOAT) OF S. JUAN 185 RANCHO AT BELLOTE 187 TEMPLE BAS-RELIEF, BELLOTE 189 TERRA-COTTA MASK, FOUND AT BELLOTE 193 VIRGIN FOREST NEAR COMALCALCO 194 PLAN OF GREAT PYRAMID AT COMALCALCO 197 BAYS OF RUINED PALACE, COMALCALCO 198 SECTION OF RUINS AT COMALCALCO 199 RUINS OF PALACE 201 ORNAMENTATION OF SOUTH-EAST TOWER, COMALCALCO 204

REMAINS OF TOWER NO. 2, AND ENTRANCE OF SUBTERRANEOUS HALL

205 BAS-RELIEF OF WEST TOWER, COMALCALCO 210 S. DOMINGO DEL PALENQUE 211 MOULDINGS IN THE TEMPLE OF THE CROSS NO. 1 215 SCULPTURED STONES, TEMPLE OF THE CROSS NO. 1 217 OUR KITCHEN AT PALENQUE, IN ONE OF THE CORRIDORS 223 PLAN OF PALACE AT PALENQUE (NORTH SIDE) 225 BASEMENT OF PYRAMID IN THE PALACE OF PALENQUE 226 THE PALACE, OUTER FAÇADE, PALENQUE 227 SCULPTURED FIGURE ON PILLAR 230 MEDALLION IN PASSAGE OF EAST WING OF THE PALACE 231 HUGE BAS-RELIEFS IN THE PALACE COURT, PALENQUE 232 SMALL BUILDING TO THE SOUTH OF THE PALACE COURT 233

FRAGMENT OF DECORATION SHAPED LIKE A TAU, SURROUNDING NICHES IN THE CORRIDORS AND APARTMENTS OF THE PALACE

235

FRIEZE DECORATION OF BUILDING SOUTH OF THE COURT

235 FRAGMENT OF DECORATION OVER A DOOR 235 RESTORATION OF INNER WING OF THE PALACE 237

EASTERN FAÇADE OF INNER WING OF THE PALACE, PALENQUE

239 TOWER IN THE PALACE 241 THE PALACE, WESTERN FAÇADE 243 MEDALLION IN PASSAGE OF INNER WING 244 TEMPLE OF INSCRIPTIONS, PALENQUE 245 TEMPLE OF THE SUN, PALENQUE 250 JAPANESE TEMPLE 251

SCULPTURED SLABS OF SANCTUARY, IN THE TEMPLES OF PALENQUE

253 SCULPTURED SLABS IN THE TEMPLE OF THE CROSS NO. 2 255 RUINS TO THE NORTH OF THE PALACE 257 STAIRCASE INSCRIPTIONS 261 MUNICIPAL PALACE AND SQUARE, MERIDA 262 MAP 264 PANORAMIC VIEW OF MERIDA 267 MONTEJO’S HOUSE, MERIDA 272 CATHEDRAL 273 DON ALVARO PEON’S HOUSE 276 FRUIT SELLERS 277 MAYA TYPES 279 MEZTIZOS’ HOUSE 283 A STREET IN MERIDA 285 HACIENDA OF ASCORRA 287 VOLAN COCHÉ 288 PLAN OF THE RUINS OF AKÉ 294 SMALL PYRAMID OF AKÉ 295 GREAT PYRAMID AND GALLERY OF AKÉ 297 PILLARS OF THE GREAT GALLERY OF AKÉ 299 CEMENTED BAS-RELIEF OF AKÉ 302 SQUARE OF TUNKAS 303 GREAT PYRAMID, KINICH-KAKMÓ, AT IZAMAL 307

SOUTH SIDE OF HUNPICTOK PYRAMID AT IZAMAL (AFTER STEPHENS)

309

COLOSSAL HEAD FORMING BASEMENT OF PYRAMID AT IZAMAL

311 MARKET PLACE OF IZAMAL 313 CENOTÉ OF XCOLAC 317 CHURCH AND SQUARE, CITAS 322 EL CASTILLO OF CHICHEN-ITZA 323

ORNAMENTATION OF THE UPPER STORY OF THE NUNNERY, CHICHEN-ITZA

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">334 MAIN FAÇADE OF THE NUNNERY OF CHICHEN-ITZA 335 NORTHERN FAÇADE OF THE NUNNERY OF CHICHEN-ITZA 338 LEFT WING OF THE NUNNERY OF CHICHEN-ITZA 339 FAÇADE OF EL CASTILLO, CHICHEN-ITZA 342 TOLTEC COLUMN IN THE CASTILLO 343 TOLTEC COLUMN AT TULA 343 YUCATEC CAPITAL AT CHICHEN-ITZA 344 DOOR-POSTS IN THE CASTILLO, CHICHEN-ITZA 345

BAS-RELIEFS FROM PILLARS OF SANCTUARY OF CHICHEN-ITZA

347

BAS-RELIEFS WITH INSCRIPTIONS, AKAB-SIB PALACE AT CHICHEN-ITZA

349 CHICHAN-CHOB, PRISON OF CHICHEN-ITZA 351 SACRED CENOTÉ, OF CHICHEN-ITZA 355

SMALL TEMPLE IN THE TENNIS-COURT OF CHICHEN-ITZA

359

BAS-RELIEF IN HALL OF TENNIS-COURT OF CHICHEN-ITZA

362

TIGERS’ BAS-RELIEFS ON PORTION OF TENNIS-COURT OF CHICHEN-ITZA

363 DOOR-POSTS OF HALL IN THE TENNIS-COURT OF CHICHEN-ITZA 364 TIZOC’S STONE, IN MEXICO 365 STATUE OF TLALOC FOUND AT CHICHEN-ITZA 366 STATUE OF TLALOC OF TLASCALA (IN THE MUSEUM OF MEXICO) 367 SECOND PALACE OF KABAH 371 YUCATEC AND TEOTIHUACAN VASES 375 TRIUMPHAL ARCH OF KABAH (FROM STEPHENS) 379 RUINS OF FIRST PALACE OF KABAH 381

SHOWING STEPS AND INTERIOR OF FIRST PALACE OF KABAH

383 NORTH-WEST SIDE OF PYRAMID OF KABAH 385 BAS-RELIEFS AT KABAH (FROM STEPHENS) 389 HACIENDA OF UXMAL 391 THE GOVERNOR’S PALACE, UXMAL 395 PORTION OF THE GOVERNOR’S PALACE, UXMAL 398 PLAN OF NUNNERY OF UXMAL (FROM STEPHENS) 399 NORTH WING FAÇADE OF THE NUNNERY OF UXMAL 400

SHOWING DETAILS OF EASTERN FAÇADE OF THE NUNNERY, UXMAL

402 THE DWARF’S HOUSE OF UXMAL 403 GENERAL VIEW OF THE RUINS OF UXMAL 407 INSCRIPTION OF THE GOVERNOR’S PALACE, UXMAL 413 CAMPECHE 415 HOTEL GRIJALVA AT FRONTERA 419 TERRA-COTTA IDOLS OF TABASCO 421 A BIT OF TENOSIQUÉ 423 THE USUMACINTA AT PASO YALCHILAN 428 DON PÉPÉ MORA 429 ENCAMPMENT AT PASO YALCHILAN 430 LACANDON CHIEF AND LACANDON TYPES 433 VOTIVE PILE OF LORILLARD 435 MAP TAKEN FROM THE GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY 437 PLAN OF FIRST TEMPLE AT LORILLARD 439 IDOL IN LACANDON TEMPLE 440 FIRST TEMPLE AT LORILLARD CITY 441 LACANDON VASES FOUND AT LORILLARD CITY 443 MODEL OF ANCIENT TEMPLE 445 PLAN OF PALACE WE INHABITED AT LORILLARD 446 SECOND TEMPLE OF LORILLARD 448 SCULPTURED LINTEL AT LORILLARD 449 STONE LINTEL, SACRIFICE TO CUKULCAN, LORILLARD CITY 451 SCULPTURED LINTEL AT LORILLARD 457 LIBERTAD 459 FLORES, LAKE OF PETEN 465 ALTAR PANEL IN THE TEMPLE OF THE SUN OF TIKAL 467 TEMPLE AND STELÆ OF TIKAL (FROM ALFRED MAUDSLAY) 469 QUETZALCOATL AT COPAN 470 IDOLS OF COPAN (FROM STEPHENS) 471 MONOLITH IDOL OF COPAN (FROM STEPHENS) 476 GUATEMALTO-TOLTEC ALTAR OF COPAN (STEPHENS) 477 OTHER SIDE OF SAME ALTAR 477 ALTAR INSCRIPTION OF COPAN

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">479 INSCRIPTION OF LORILLARD CITY 479 STELA OF TIKAL (FROM A. MAUDSLAY) 480

INTERIOR OF AN APARTMENT IN THE GRAND PALACE OF MITLA-OAXACA

482 SNUFF-BOX TORTOISE (Cinostemon Leucostomum) 484 TEHUANTEPEC WOMEN 497 PLAN OF CHIEF PALACE OF MITLA 502 SECTION OF PRINCIPAL HALL OF THE PALACE 503 GREAT HALL RESTORED (MITLA) 503 GENERAL VIEW OF RUINS OF MITLA 505 GREAT PALACE OF MITLA-OAXACA 509 SOUTH SIDE OF FOURTH PALACE OF MITLA 511 TERRA-COTTA MASK FOUND AT MITLA 512