صفحة 1
The Bontoc Igorot
Albert Ernest Jenks
Manila 1905
Letter of Transmittal
Department of the Interior, The Ethnological Survey,
Manila, February 3, 1904.
Sir: I have the honor to submit a study of the Bontoc Igorot made for this Survey during the year 1903. It is transmitted with the recommendation that it be published as Volume I of a series of scientific studies to be issued by The Ethnological Survey for the Philippine Islands.
Respectfully,
Albert Ernst Jenks,
Chief of The Ethnological Survey.
Hon. Dean C. Worcester, Secretary of the Interior, Manila, P. I.
Table of Contents
- Letter of Transmittal
- Illustrations
- Preface
- Introduction
- The Igorot Culture Group
- Igorot land
- Igorot peoples
- The Bontoc Culture Group
- Bontoc culture area
- Marks of Bontoc culture
- The Bontoc man
- Introduction
- Historical sketch
- Somatology
- General Social Life
- The pueblo
- Ato
- The family
- Childbirth
- Twins
- Abortion
- Child
- Life in olag
- Marriage
- The aged
- Sickness, disease, and remedies
- Death and burial
- The pueblo
- Economic Life
- Production
- Natural production
- Cultural production
- Division of labor
- Wages, and exchange of labor
- Distribution
- Theft
- Conquest
- Consumption
- Foods
- Beverages
- Salt
- Production
صفحة 2
href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@3308@[email protected]#d0e5906" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Sugar Meals and mealtime Transportation Commerce Property right Inheritance and bequest Tribute, tax, and “rake off” Political Life and Control War and Head-Hunting Æsthetic Life Religion
- Barter
- Sale
- Medium of exchange
- Measure of exchange value
- Standard of value
- Trade routes
- Trade languages and traders
- Stages of commerce
- Personal property of individual
- Personal property of group
- Real property of individual
- Real property of group
- Public property
- Sale of property
- Rent, loan, and lease of property
- Crimes, detection and punishment
- Dress
- Decoration
- Tattoo
- Music
- Instrumental music
- Vocal music
- Dancing
- Games
- Formalities
- Spirit belief
- Exorcist
- Lumawig, the Supreme Being
- “Changers” in religion
- Priesthood
- Sacred days
- Ceremonials
- Ceremonies connected with agriculture
- Ceremonies connected with climate
- Ceremonies connected with head taking
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class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Ceremony connected with ato Mental Life Language Plates
- Actual knowledge
- Mensuration
- Folk tales
- The sun man and moon woman; or, origin of head-hunting
- Origin of coling, the serpent eagle
- Origin of tilin, the ricebird
- Origin of kaag, the monkey
- Origin of gayyang, the crow, and fanias, the large lizard
- Owug, the snake
- Who took my father’s head?
- Introduction
- Alphabet
- Linguistic inconsistencies
- Nouns
- Pronouns
- Verbs
- Comparative vocabularies
- Bontoc vocabulary
- English, with Bontoc equivalent
Illustrations
- Group of prominent men, Bontoc pueblo
- Sketch map of the Philippine Archipelago
- Sketch map of northern Luzon
- Sketch map of Bontoc culture area
- Section of the last long climb from Cervantes to Bontoc
- Tilud pass, east side
- A glimpse of Igorot land
- Ba-lu′-gan pueblo surrounded by rice sementeras
- Pueblo of Sagada
- The entrance to Bontoc pueblo
- Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo
- O-gang′-ga of Samoki pueblo
- Ku-lo-ku′-lo of Mayinit pueblo
- Bon-gao′ of Alap pueblo
- Bo-da′-da of Samoki pueblo
- U-dao′ of Bontoc pueblo
- Young woman of Bontoc pueblo
- Zag-tag′-an of Bontoc pueblo
صفحة 4
href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@3308@[email protected]#d0e13757" id="d0e651" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Ka-nay′-u of Bontoc pueblo Lang′-sa of Bontoc pueblo Sĭt-li′-nĭn of Bontoc pueblo Pĭt-ta′-pĭt of Bontoc pueblo Girls of Bontoc pueblo Blind woman of Bontoc pueblo Blind Ta-u′-li of Samoki pueblo Deformed feet of Bontoc men Bontoc pueblo viewed from Samoki Samoki pueblo viewed from Bontoc Plat of Bontoc pueblo, showing ato divisions Plat of section of a′-to Si-pa′-at Pa-ba-fu′-nan of a′-to Fi′-lĭg Fa′-wi of a′-to Si-pa′-at Fa′-wi of a′-to Cho′-ko O′-lâg Bontoc dwelling, the fay′-ü Timbers for a building seasoning in the mountains Fay′-ü showing open door Bontoc dwelling, the Kat-yu′-fong, a widow's house, showing pigpens which extend beneath it “In the shade of the low, projecting roof” “The mother who has come down with her babe on her back for an olla of water” The baby tenders Sam-kad′s' death chair Pine coffins The burial of Som-kad′ Bûg-ti′ with his wild-cock snare Wire cock snare set, with lure cock in center Wild-cat caught in the snare kok-o′-lâng The bird snare Lĭng-ang′. (Snare set.) (Snare sprung.) Trap fishing Emptying the fish trap Fisherman examining his ob-o′-fu Rice sementeras at transplanting season Banawi rice sementeras A terrace wall Women weeding a terrace wall at soil-turning season Partial view of Bontoc irrigating works
صفحة 5
صفحة 6
href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@3308@[email protected]#d0e14201" id="d0e951" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Woman's large transportation basket and winnowing tray Household baskets (sûg-fi′, fa-lo′-ko, ki′-ûg, ko′-lûg) The traveling basket; so-called “head basket” Bontoc shields Bontoc shields The Kalinga shields Banawi shield, front and back Bontoc war spears (fal-fĕg′) Spears (fan′-kao and kay-yan′) Bontoc battle-axes, with bajuco ferrules Bontoc battle-axes, with steel ferrules The Balbelasan or northern battle-ax Agawa clay pipe maker Agawa clay pipes. (Those in the lower row are finished.) Finished Agawa clay pipes, with stems Roll of beeswax and three wax pipe models Metal pipe makers Metal pipes. (The lower row shows poorly the “anito” pipe.) Children paring camotes Women threshing rice Gourd for storing salt meats Bamboo tube for carrying basi Mayinit pueblo. (Long salt houses in the foreground.) (a) Woman washing salt; (b) salt-incrusted rocks Mayinit salt producer preparing salt cakes for baking A cane-sugar mill Methods of transportation Man's transportation basket (ki-ma′-ta) Woman's transportation baskets Women burden bearers (a) Tulubin men bringing home salt; (b) Samoki potters with ware Mayinit women on the trail to Bontoc to sell palay A ba′-si vender Mak′-lan, a Bontoc warrior Ko′-mĭs on war trail between Samoki and Tulubin “Anito head” post in a Ko′-mĭs The warrior's attack
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class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">Battle-axes A head dance Ceremonial rice threshing in Samoki pueblo during the celebration of a captured head A fa′-wi, where skulls are kept Soot-blackened human skulls from ato Sigichan A beheaded human body on its way to burial Burial of a beheaded man in Banawi Man's headdress An ear plug of sugar-cane leaves Bead headdress Woman's bustle-like girdle Igorot woman, showing rolls of hair The “switch” held in place by beads A tattooed Bontoc man Two well-done tattooes. (one man bears the jaw band and the other the cheek crosses.) An elaborate tattoo A simple tattoo Bontoc woman's tattoo. (a) old; (b) new/Jenks An elaborate Banawi tattoo Tattoo of a Banawi woman Gang′-sa, showing human-jaw handle A dance, with contorting head-ax dancer in the center A dance, with head-ax dancer at the right The foundation of Lumawig's house in Bontoc Sacred grove (Pa-pa-tay′ ad so-kok′)