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Transcriber's note: The Dalles of the Wisconsin are known today as the Wisconsin Dells. Minor punctuation errors from the original text have been corrected; any unusual capitalization from the original was kept. The formatting for lists has been standardized for easier reading. The footnotes have been placed at the end of the document instead of at the end of the page; there are links to them at their original positions in the text. I apologize for the poor quality of some of the maps; they have been made as clear as possible.
CONTENTS.
PART I. THE TOPOGRAPHY WITH SOME NOTES ON THE SURFACE GEOLOGY. CHAPTER I. PAGE GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES 3 I. The Plain Surrounding the Quartzite Ridges. Topography 6 Structure 8 Origin of the Sandstone and Limestone 9 Origin of the Topography 12 II. The Quartzite Ridges 13 Topography 13 The Structure and Constitution of the Ridges 14 III. Relations of the Sandstone of the Plain to the Quartzite of the Ridges 19 PART II. HISTORY OF THE TOPOGRAPHY. CHAPTER II. OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF THE ROCK FORMATIONS WHICH SHOW THEMSELVES AT THE SURFACE. I. The Pre-Cambrian History of the Quartzite 23 From loose Sand to Quartzite 23 Uplift and Deformation. Dynamic Metamorphism 24 Erosion of the Quartzite 25 Thickness of
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey.
E. A. BIRGE, Director. C. R. VAN HISE, Consulting Geologist. BULLETIN NO. V. EDUCATIONAL SERIES NO. 1.
THE GEOGRAPHY
OF THE
REGION ABOUT DEVIL'S LAKE
AND THE
DALLES OF THE WISCONSIN,
With Some Notes on Its Surface Geology.
BY
ROLLIN D. SALISBURY, A. M.,
Professor of Geographic Geology, University of Chicago,
AND
WALLACE W. ATWOOD, B. S.,
Assistant in Geology, University of Chicago.
MADISON, WIS.
Published by the State.
1900.
Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey.
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS.
Edward Scofield,
Governor of the State.
L. D. Harvey,
State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Charles K. Adams, President,
President of the University of Wisconsin.
Edwin E. Bryant, Vice-President,
President of the Commissioners of Fisheries.
Charles S. Slichter, Secretary,
President of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters.
E. A. Birge, Director of the Survey.
C. R. Van Hise, Consulting Geologist.
E. R. Buckley, Assistant Geologist.
In charge of Economic Geology.
S. Weidman, Assistant Geologist.
In charge of Geology of Wausau District.
L. S. Smith, in charge of Hydrography.
S. V. Peppel, Chemist.
F. R. Denniston, Artist.
Frontispiece
See larger image
CONTENTS.
PART I. THE TOPOGRAPHY WITH SOME NOTES ON THE SURFACE GEOLOGY. CHAPTER I. PAGE GENERAL GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES 3 I. The Plain Surrounding the Quartzite Ridges. Topography 6 Structure 8 Origin of the Sandstone and Limestone 9 Origin of the Topography 12 II. The Quartzite Ridges 13 Topography 13 The Structure and Constitution of the Ridges 14 III. Relations of the Sandstone of the Plain to the Quartzite of the Ridges 19 PART II. HISTORY OF THE TOPOGRAPHY. CHAPTER II. OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF THE ROCK FORMATIONS WHICH SHOW THEMSELVES AT THE SURFACE. I. The Pre-Cambrian History of the Quartzite 23 From loose Sand to Quartzite 23 Uplift and Deformation. Dynamic Metamorphism 24 Erosion of the Quartzite 25 Thickness of
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the Quartzite 26 II. The History of the Paleozoic Strata 27 The Subsidence 27 The Potsdam Sandstone (and Conglomerate) 27 The Lower Magnesian Limestone 31 The St. Peters Sandstone 32 Younger Beds 33 Climatic Conditions 34 Time involved 34 The Uplift 34 CHAPTER III. GENERAL OUTLINE OF RAIN AND RIVER EROSION Elements of Erosion 36 Weathering 36 Corrasion 36 Erosion without Valleys 37 The Beginning of a Valley 37 The Course of a Valley 39 Tributary Valleys 39 How a Valley gets a Stream 40 Limits of a Valley 43 A Cycle of Erosion 44 Effects of unequal Hardness 47 Falls and Rapids 48 Narrows 49 Erosion of folded Strata 50 Base-level Plains and Peneplains 50 Transportation and Deposition 55 Topographic Forms resulting from Stream Deposition 56 Rejuvenation of Streams 56 Underground Water 58 CHAPTER IV. EROSION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF STRIKING SCENIC FEATURES Establishment of Drainage 61 Striking scenic Features 64 The Baraboo Bluffs 65 The Narrows in the Quartzite
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tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">66 Glens 68 Natural Bridge 69 The Dalles of the Wisconsin 69 The Mounds and Castle Rocks 71 CHAPTER V. THE GLACIAL PERIOD. The Drift 73 Snow Fields and ice Sheets 74 The North American ice Sheets 78 The Work of glacier Ice 79 Erosive Work of Ice. Effect on Topography 79 Deposition by the Ice. Effect on Topography 85 Direction of ice Movement 88 Effect of Topography on Movement 89 Glacial Deposits 94 The ground Moraine 97 Constitution 99 Topography 101 Terminal Moraines 102 Topography of terminal Moraines 103 The terminal Moraine about Devil's Lake 105 The Moraine on the main Quartzite Range 107 Constitution of the marginal Ridge 110 The Slope of the upper Surface of the Ice at the Margin 111 Stratified Drift 111 Its Origin 112 Glacial Drainage 113 Stages in the History of an Ice Sheet 114 Deposits made by extraglacial Waters during the maximum Extension of the Ice 115 At the Edge of the Ice, on Land 115 Beyond the Edge of the Ice, on Land 116 Deposits at and beyond the Edge of the Ice in standing Water 120 Deposits made by extraglacial Waters during the Retreat of the Ice 121 Deposits made by extraglacial Waters during the Advance of the Ice 123
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class="tdl">Deposits made by subglacial Streams 124 Relations of stratified to unstratified Drift 125 Complexity of Relations 126 Classification of stratified Drift on the Basis of Position 127 Extraglacial Deposits 127 Supermorainic deposits 127 The submorainic (basal) Deposits 127 Intermorainic stratified Drift 128 Changes in Drainage effected by the Ice 128 While the Ice was on 128 Wisconsin Lake 129 Baraboo Lake 130 Devil's Lake in glacial Times 132 After the Ice had disappeared 135 Lakes 136 Existing Lakes 137 Changes in Streams 138 Skillett Creek 138 The Wisconsin 139 The Driftless Area 142 Contrast between glaciated and unglaciated Areas 143 Topography 143 Drainage 144 Mantle Rock 144
PLATES. PAGE The Dalles of the Wisconsin Frontispiece. Plate I. General map of the Devil's Lake region 4 II. Local map of the Devil's Lake region 4 III. Fig. 1—Ripple marks on a slab of sandstone 9 Fig. 2—Piece of Potsdam conglomerate 9 IV. Lower Narrows of the Baraboo 12 V. Devil's Lake notch 14 VI. East bluff of Devil's Lake 14
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PLATES. PAGE The Dalles of the Wisconsin Frontispiece. Plate I. General map of the Devil's Lake region 4 II. Local map of the Devil's Lake region 4 III. Fig. 1—Ripple marks on a slab of sandstone 9 Fig. 2—Piece of Potsdam conglomerate 9 IV. Lower Narrows of the Baraboo 12 V. Devil's Lake notch 14 VI. East bluff of Devil's Lake 14
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class="tdr">VII. East bluff at the Upper Narrows of the Baraboo near Ableman's 16 VIII. Vertical shear zone face of east bluff at Devil's Lake 16 IX. Massive quartzite in situ in road through Upper Narrows near Ableman's 18 X. Brecciated quartzite 18 XI. Northwest wall of the Upper Narrows 20 XII. Steamboat Rock 30 XIII. Fig. 1—A very young valley 38 Fig. 2—A valley at later stage of development 38 Fig. 3—Young valleys 38 XIV. Fig. 1—Same valleys as shown in Pl. XIII, Fig. 3, but at a later stage of development 45 Fig. 2—Same valleys as shown in Fig. 1 in later stage of development 45 XV. Diagram illustrating how a hard inclined layer of rock becomes a ridge in the process of degradation 46 XVI. Skillett Falls 48 XVII. A group of mounds on the plain northwest from Camp Douglas 50 XVIII. Castle Rock near Camp Douglas 50 XIX. Fig. 1—Sketch of a young valley 54 Fig. 2—Same valleys as shown in Fig. 1 in later stage of development 54 XX. Fig. 1—Sketch of a part of a valley at a stage of development corresponding to the cross section shown in Fig. 21 54 Fig. 2—Sketch of a section of the Baraboo valley 54 XXI. Cleopatra's Needle 64 XXII. Turk's Head 64 XXIII. Devil's Doorway 64 XXIV. Talus slope on east bluff of Devil's Lake 67 XXV. Dorward's Glen 68 XXVI. Natural Bridge near Denzer 68 XXVII. The Navy Yard 68 XXVIII. Chimney Rock 70 XXIX. An island in the Lower Dalles 70 XXX. View in Lower Dalles
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class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">70 XXXI. Stand Rock 72 XXXII. Petenwell Peak 72 XXXIII. North American ice sheet 78 XXXIV. Owl's Head 78 XXXV. Cut in glacial drift 94 XXXVI. Glaciated stones 96 XXXVII. Topographic map of a small area about Devil's Lake 108 XXXVIII. Distorted laminæ of silt and clay 120
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padleft3">The same at a still later stage 54 22. Diagram illustrating the topographic effect or rejuvenation of a stream by uplift 57 23. Normal profile of a valley bottom 58 24. Profile of a stream rejuvenated by uplift 58 25. Diagram illustrating monoclinal shifting 62 26. Diagram showing the relation of the Potsdam sandstone to the quartzite at the Upper Narrows 67 27. Diagrammatic cross section of a field of ice and snow 75 28. Shape of an erosion hill before glaciation 81 29. The same after glaciation 82 30. Diagram showing the effect of a valley on the movement of ice 83 31. The same under different conditions 84 32. Diagram showing the relation of drift to the underlying rock where the drift is thick 87 33. The same where the drift is relatively thin 87 34. Diagrammatic representation of the effect of a hill on the edge of the ice 90 35. The same at a later stage of the ice advance 91 36. Map showing the relation of the ice lobes during the Wisconsin epoch of the glacial period 92 37. Sketch of the terminal moraine topography east of Devil's Lake 104 38. Cut through the terminal moraine east of Kirkland 106 39. Cross section of the marginal ridge of the moraine on the south slope of the Devil's nose 107 40. Cross section of the marginal ridge of the moraine on the crest of the quartzite range 108 41. Morainic outwash plain 118 42. The same in other relations 119 43. Skillett Creek and its peculiarities 139 44. The Wisconsin valley near Kilbourn city 141 45. Drainage in the driftless area 144 46. Drainage in the glaciated area 145 47. Section in the driftless region showing relation of the soil to the solid rock beneath 146