Handbooks for the Clergy

EDITED BY

ARTHUR W. ROBINSON, B.D.

VICAR OF ALLHALLOWS BARKING
BY THE TOWER

THE LEGAL POSITION OF
THE CLERGY

THE LEGAL POSITION OF
THE CLERGY

BY

P. V. SMITH, LL.D.

CHANCELLOR OF THE DIOCESE OF MANCHESTER

AUTHOR OF "THE LAW OF CHURCHWARDENS AND SIDESMEN
IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY," ETC.

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY
1905

All rights reserved

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PREFACE

In the following pages an endeavour has been made to give a succinct sketch of the legal position of the parish clergy of the Church of England in respect both of spiritualities and of temporalities. The book, being intended for their use, does not touch upon the subject of ordination by which they acquired the status of deacons or priests. Nor does it deal with the episcopate or the non-parochial clergy, except so far as these subjects are connected with the parochial system.

Like all other human arrangements, our English Church law is, of course, far from being ideally perfect. It may be safely affirmed that there has never been either a Church or a State in which the law has actually been what it ideally ought to have been. It is important to recognise the difference between the two positions; for there has sometimes been a disposition on the part of individuals to confuse them, and to treat what they consider to be the ideal law, as if it were the actual law, and as if, as such, it demanded their loyal obedience. Such an attitude, whether in ecclesiastical or civil matters, is anarchical in its tendency; for it sets up private judgment instead of the constituted authority as the criterion of what ought or ought not to be done. It can only be justified where the actual law is absolutely inconsistent with the fundamental principles of morality or of Christian truth. The object of the present treatise is to state succinctly what the law is,—not what it ought to be; and no opinion is expressed or suggestion offered as to points in which amendment would be proper or expedient.

Within the limited compass of the book it is obviously impossible to enter into details; and the reader who desires information as to these will find them in the authorities to which reference is made. It must also be borne in mind that the general law on the subject of buildings, property, and pecuniary rights is, in various places, modified by special local enactments or customs. These can only be ascertained on the spot, or by consulting the Acts of Parliament in which they are embodied or recorded.

One other word of caution is desirable. In explaining the legal position of the parochial clergy, it is, of course, necessary to indicate the exact limits of their rights. If they venture beyond these limits, they are manifestly in the wrong. But no community, either ecclesiastical or civil, could maintain its well-being, or even its coherence, if every individual were on all occasions to take advantage of the full tether of his legal rights. It will frequently be wise and proper for the clergy, in their relations with their ecclesiastical superiors or with the lay officials and other laity of the parish, not to adopt the most uncompromising attitude which the letter of the law permits to them. The dictates of love and of Christian forbearance, and of consideration for the claims of others, as well as of expediency, will not warrant the infringement by an individual of the ordinances of either the Church or the State. But they will more than justify him in refraining from taking up a position of defiance which these ordinances may strictly entitle him to assume.

P. V. SMITH.

Easter, 1905.

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CONTENTS

List of Abbreviationspages xxi-xiv

CHAPTER I

General Legal Position

1.Spiritual, ecclesiastical, and civil status of the clergy. 2. Sources of Church law. 3. Written and unwritten law—Foreign Canon law—Pre-Reformation Canons—Acts of Parliament—Canons of 1603—Canons of 1640—Other canons. 4. Decisions of Church courts—Distinction between judicial and legislative action. 5. Legal status of the ancient Parish—Rector or Parson—Patronage or Advowson—Vicar—Perpetual curate. 6. Dissolution of the Monasteries—Impropriate rectories—New churches and ecclesiastical parishes—Assistant parochial clergy—Titular vicars—Incumbent—Curate. 7. Minister in charge—Lecturer. 8. Status of clergy ordained elsewhere than in England or Ireland, or ordained for service in the colonies or foreign countries—Scottish clergy. 9. Benefices—Beneficed and unbeneficed clergy.

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@40606@[email protected]#SN_1_10" class="SNanchor pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">10. Bishops, their relation to the clergy—Suffragan bishops—Chancellors. 11. Archdeacons. 12. Rural Deans. 13. Judicial procedure—Church Discipline Act, 1840—Public Worship Regulation Act, 1874—Clergy Discipline Act, 1892. 14. Abstinence of Clergy from secular pursuits. 15. Civil exemptions—Municipal and Parliamentary qualifications and disqualifications. 16. Restrictions as to labour, business, and trade—Lawful exceptions—Penalties for unlawful trading. 17. Protection in performance of religious rites—Act against brawling. 18. Indelibility of Orders—Relinquishment of clerical status pages 1-24

CHAPTER II

Beneficed Clergy

1. Admission by bishop on presentation of patron—Lapse to bishop, archbishop, or Crown. 2. Transfers of advowsons or rights of presentation—Next presentations—Power of patron to present himself—Restrictions under Benefices Act, 1898. 3. Qualification for admission—Grounds for refusal by bishop—Testimony as to fitness. 4. Procedure in case of refusal by bishop. 5. Publication of notice of intended admission. 6. Mode of admission—Institution—Licence—Collation—Declarations of assent and against simony—Oaths of allegiance and canonical obedience—Reading of Thirty-nine Articles. 7. Effect of admission—Induction. 8. Fees on admission. 9. Cure of Souls—Duties laid down in Ordination Service—Residence—Divine service—Marriages—Burials—Private ministrations. 10. Exclusive right of administration—Superior right of bishop—Modern comity as between town parishes. 11. Private ministrations—Service in unconsecrated buildings—Meetings for worship. 12. Private chapels—Chapels of institutions—Unconsecrated proprietary chapels. 13. Formation of new parishes—Approval or otherwise of incumbent. 14. Holding of two benefices. 15. Neglect of duty—Commission of inquiry—Procedure on adverse report of Commission. 16. Residence on benefice—Forfeitures for non-residence—Bishop's licence of non-residence—Grounds for licence. 17. Monition, sequestration, and avoidance of benefice for non-residence. 18. Performance of duties where incumbent is non-resident. 19. Restrictions on interfering with duties during period of non-residence. 20. Reckoning of time as to residence.

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@40606@[email protected]#SN_2_21" class="SNanchor pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">21. Vacation of benefice by death, resignation, admission to other preferment, or deprivation. 22. Resignation; unconditional except upon an exchange—Engagement to resign illegal except under Clergy Resignation Bonds Act, 1828—Corrupt resignations and exchanges—Pensions under Incumbents Resignation Acts. 23. Vacation of benefice on admission to other preferment. 24. Deprivation ipso facto—Declaration of vacancy by bishop on conviction of incumbent in certain cases—Sentences of deprivation under Acts of 1840 and 1892 pages 25-54

CHAPTER III

Unbeneficed Clergy

1. Classes of unbeneficed clergy—Bishop's licence—Declaration of assent—Examination and admission by bishop—Discretion of bishop—Revocation of licence. 2. Curates or ministers in charge—(a) On vacancy of benefice—(b) On sequestration of benefice for incumbent's bankruptcy or debt—(c) On incumbent's non-residence—(d) On incumbent's neglect of duties—(e) On formation of Peel district. 3. Assistant curates—Stipend—Notice to quit or relinquish curacy—Discretion of incumbent as to employment—Appointment where duties are inadequately performed; or where circumstances of parish require it. 4. Performance of duty by other clergy—Discretion of incumbent—Licence of bishop—Production of licence and entry of names of preachers in a book. 5. Lecturers and preachers—Performance of other ministerial duties pages 55-64

CHAPTER IV

Laity of the Parish

1. Relations between incumbent and lay officials. 2. The vestry—Constitution, meetings, and voting in ancient parishes, and in new parishes—Vestries Act, 1818—Present functions—Select vestries. 3. Churchwardens—Election in ancient and new parishes—Admission. 4. Parson's or vicar's and people's wardens—Duties: (a) Care of fabric and ornaments of the church and of the churchyard—(b) Seating of parishioners—(c) Provision of requisites for service—(d) Maintenance of order in church and churchyard—(e) Collection and concurrence in disposal of offertory money—(f) Charge of church and benefice during vacancy, if appointed sequestrators—Restrictions on powers. 5. Sidesmen. 6. Church trustees. 7. Parish clerk—Appointment and removal. 8. Sexton. 9. Beadle. 10. Organist and choristers. 11. Officiating of lay readers and other laymen. 12. Other lay work—Visiting of poor and sick—Sunday schools—Church elementary schools. 13. Parochial church councils pages 65-79

CHAPTER V

Divine Service

1. Duty of clergy as to uniformity of

service—Divergence by lawful authority—Liberty under Act of 1872. 2. Morning and Evening Prayer—Litany—Bishop 0.5em;">may order two full services, and a third service, with sermon. 3. Notices during Divine service—Notices on church door—Banns. 4. Offertory—Other collections in a church or chapel—Duty of incumbent as to money entrusted to him. 5. Questions as to the legality of various church ornaments, vestments, and ceremonies—Legal decisions as to (A) Stone Holy Table—Crucifix—Cross—Candlesticks—Flower-vases—Pictures—Sculptures—Credence table—Second Holy Table—Chancel gates—Baldacchino—Voice of parishioners in vestry—(B) Attire of clergy at Holy Communion—Surplice—Hood—Albe—Vestment or chasuble—Tunicle—Stole—Chaplain's scarf—Biretta—Black gown—(C) Incense—Processions with lighted candles—Lighted candles at Holy Communion—Mixed chalice—Wafers—Agnus Dei and other hymns—Position of minister—Genuflexions—Elevation—Sign of the Cross—Ablutions—Reservation. 6. Baptism not to be refused—Time for the ceremony—Private baptism in urgent cases—Godparents—Reception in church after private baptism—Conditional baptism—Immersion or affusion—Notice to bishop in cases of adult baptism—Deacon may baptize—Lay baptism. 7. Times for and notice of Holy Communion—Communion not to be unlawfully refused—Who are to be repelled from it—Procedure in such cases—Jenkins v. Cook—Persons coming from other parishes—Persons attending dissenting places of worship—Persons baptized in another communion and not confirmed. 8. Sermons and homilies—Provisions of rubrics, Canons, and Acts of Parliament. 9. Catechising. 10. Churching of womenpages 80-99

CHAPTER VI

Marriage

1. Duty of minister to solemnise marriage between persons legally competent—Unlawful solemnisation, when a felony—Marriage, when void. 2. Original places for banns and marriages—Churches of new parishes—Licences for banns and marriages in chapels—Parishes having no regular services in parish church—Where parish church is being rebuilt or repaired—No reconsecration necessary where church is rebuilt or enlarged and position of Holy Table altered. 3. Persons legally competent to intermarry—Religion or absence of religion of the parties no ground for refusal to solemnise marriage. 4. Minimum age—Consent of parents or guardians in case of unions—Marriage without consent, in absence of notice—Marriage below lawful age. 5. Marriage of lunatic or non compos, void. 6. Absence, unheard of, for seven years—Relief from punishment for bigamy—Invalidity of remarriage. 7 Divorce abroad—Divorce in England under Act of 1857—Remarriage of divorced persons. 8. Marriage of foreigners—Requirements of laws of foreign States—Precautions to be observed. 9. Prohibited degrees of kindred and affinity. 10. Publication of banns—Time and form—Seven days' notice—Publication and marriage without notice and due inquiry—Publication where parties dwell in different parishes or districts—Where one dwells in Scotland, or in Ireland—What constitutes dwelling—Correct names to be published—Status need not be published—Publication to be from book and signed—Forbidding of banns. 11. Marriage, with consent of minister, on registrar's certificate—Not permitted on registrar's licence. 12. Marriage on licence of bishop or Archbishop of Canterbury—Grant of bishop's licence—Previous affidavit before surrogate—Duty of minister on production of licence—Names in licence—Grant of licence a favour and not a right.

id="SNanchor_6_13"/>13. Marriage, where and when to be solemnised—Priest or deacon may marry—Penalty for solemnising marriage at improper place or time. 14. Reading of service after marriage at a registry office—Second solemnisation of marriage. 15. Fees for banns, certificate of banns, and marriage. 16. Marriage register books—Certificate of marriage. 17. Presumption of marriage of persons coming to Holy Communion—Proof of no marriage—Validity of marriage governed by law of place of solemnisation—Capacity to contract marriage governed by law of domicile—-Marriage between British subjects in a foreign country or on board shippages 100-120

CHAPTER VII

Burial

1. Right of burial by clergyman of the parish where death occurs—Bells to be rung—Burial in case of death in another parish—Relief in case interment is refused—No right to particular hour or spot of burial—Incumbent or churchwardens cannot sell or grant grave-spaces in perpetuity or brick graves—Reservation of exclusive right of burial on grant of addition to churchyard—Faculty for exclusive grave space in other cases—Burial of non-parishioners not dying within the parish. 2. Burial of bodies cast up by the sea or tidal or navigable water. 3. Burial of person dying unbaptized or excommunicate and of felo de se—Burial of child of dissenter or person who has received lay baptism—Interment cannot be required without convenient warning. 4. Bringing of corpse into church and burial under church. 5. Fees—Prepayment not enforceable—Customary amount—On burial of non-parishioners—Tables of fees—Special fees for brick graves, iron coffins, and other extras—Fees and rights of burial where new ecclesiastical parish has its own burial ground. 6. Use of Burial Service in unconsecrated ground—Use of special form—Permission of burial without Church rites and with or without some other service on notice under Act of 1880—Day and time for burial—Fee. 7. Delivery of registrar's certificate of death or order of coroner at funeral. 8. Fees on interments in cemeteries under Cemeteries Clauses Act, 1847. 9. Burial Acts—Consecrated and unconsecrated parts of burial grounds—Chapels—Fees of incumbents, clerks, and sextons—Sale of rights to vaults and monuments—Burial Act, 1900—Tables of fees—Restrictions on future fees to incumbents, churchwardens, and sextons—Commutation of fees. 10. Cremation—Burial of cremated remains. 11. Faculty for removal of body from one unconsecrated place of interment to another—Licence of Home Secretary for removal in other cases pages 121-134

CHAPTER VIII

Private Ministrations

1. Visitation and Communion of the Sick—-Canon 67—Order for the Visitation—Confession and absolution of the sick—Regulations as to Communion. 2. Preparation for Confirmation. 3. Spiritual advice and comfort—Confession—Absolution. 4. Ordinary visitation and intercourse pages 135-140

CHAPTER IX

Temporalities

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@40606@[email protected]#SN_9_1" class="SNanchor pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">1. Possessions and revenues of benefices of ancient parishes and new ecclesiastical parishes. 2. Incumbent a corporation sole—Restrictions on his acquisition and holding of landed property—Licence in mortmain—Mortmain and Charitable Uses Acts—School Sites Acts—Inability to hold as a corporation land upon trusts. 3. Freehold of church and churchyard of ancient parish in rector—Chancel repairable by rector—Enforcement of repairs—Possession and custody of church in incumbent and churchwardens—Right of incumbent to keys and control of organ and bells—Canon 88—Right of rector to profits of soil of churchyard—Felling of trees in churchyard—Freehold of church and churchyard of new parish in incumbent—Exemption from rates and contributions to making new streets—Removal of part of church as a dangerous structure. 4. Rights of bishop and parishioners in church and churchyard—Power of incumbent as to ordinary tombstones and inscriptions in churchyard—Glass shades for wreaths—Appeal to consistory and higher courts—Faculties for monuments in church and other alterations and additions in church and churchyard—Application by incumbent and churchwardens after resolution of vestry—Consent of rector to alteration in chancel—Faculty for vault or space for exclusive burial—Removal of earth or bones from churchyard, or other desecration—Faculty for diversion of ancient footpath through churchyard, and for throwing part of churchyard into highway—Restoration of wall wilfully thrown down—Easement of light and air over churchyard—Laying out of closed churchyard as a garden and removal of gravestones—Restrictions as to building on closed or disused burial-grounds. 5. Glebe, rectorial and vicarial—Exemption from tithe—Waste—Cultivation of glebe—Cutting down of trees—Opening and working of mines and quarries and gravel pits. 6. Statutory facilities for parsonage houses and other buildings and repair of chancels—Gilbert Acts—Loans by, and mortgages to Queen Anne's Bounty—Purchase of land—Building and improving of farm buildings and labourers' dwellings—Gifts and bequests of parsonage houses and glebe—Sale and exchange of parsonage houses and glebe. 7. Letting of parsonage house where incumbent has licence to reside elsewhere. 8. Farming or letting of glebe—Agricultural, building, and mining leases. 9. Repair of parsonage house and glebe buildings—Ecclesiastical Dilapidations Act, 1871. 10. Diocesan surveyors—Proceedings (a) on vacancies in benefices and (b) in other cases—Exemption from liability for five years after certificate of surveyor. 11. (a) Inspection and report by surveyor on a vacancy—Objections to report—Order of bishop—Debt from late incumbent, or his estate, to new incumbent—Payment of amount recovered to Queen Anne's Bounty—Loan of amount not recovered—Balance to be paid by new incumbent—Dilapidation Account—Liability where a vacancy occurs between inspection of buildings and certificate of completion of works. 12. (b) Inspection of buildings on complaint of archdeacon, rural dean, or patron, or on request of incumbent—Inspection after and during sequestration of benefice—Report—Objections—Decision of bishop—Loans—Dilapidation Account—Execution of repairs—-Charge of cost on income in case of benefice under sequestration—Vacancy before execution of works—Liability of sequestrator spending excessive amount on repairs. 13. Payment of money out of dilapidation account on certificate of surveyor—Liability and duty of incumbent—Rebuilding or remodelling instead of repairing. 14. Insurance of parsonage house, glebe buildings, and chancel against fire—Production of receipts for premiums at visitations—Payment and application of insurance money and reinstatement of buildings in the event of fire—Sequestration of benefice to raise any requisite balance. 15. Exemption from Act of 1871 of buildings let on lease under which tenant is liable—Inspection by surveyor. 16. Faculty or consent of bishop and patron to alterations in buildings—Liability of incumbent for alterations not so sanctioned—Power of bishop to authorise removal of unnecessary buildings—Movable sheds or garden frames. 17. Vacation of benefice—Cesser of rights of former incumbent—Right of widow to two months' residence in parsonage house—Inspection of premises pending settlement of dilapidations—Emblements—Apportionment of rents, tithe rentcharge, and other income. 18. Tithe commutation rentcharge under Act of 1836 and amending Acts—Assessment in lieu of great or rectorial tithes and small or vicarial

tithes—Extraordinary tithe rentcharge in respect of hop and other gardens and orchards—Act of 1886—Assessment of tithe rentcharge with regard to prices of wheat, barley, and oats—Variation according to septennial average prices. 19. Payment of tithe rentcharge and recovery by distress on appointment of receiver—Recovery from railway company. 20. Dues (i.) ordinary and (ii.) special—Variety by law and custom—Payments on the customary four offering days—Easter offerings—Rights of vicar of new ecclesiastical parish. 21. Mortuaries. 22. Dues for special services or concessions. 23. Pew rents under special or general Acts of Parliament—Under Church Building and New Parishes Acts—Recovery of pew rents. 24. First fruits and tenths—Exemption of small benefices—Number of benefices remaining liable. 25. Income or property tax—On parsonage house, glebe lands, and tithe rentcharge—On landed property in occupation of incumbent—On other stipend, fees, perquisites, and profits—Legal deductions—Test as to whether receipts are or are not liable to tax—Voluntary contributions to minister in respect of his office—Grants from Curates' Augmentation Fund—Grants from Queen Victoria Clergy Fund pages 141-168

Indexpages 169-174

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

A. C. Law Reports (House of Lords and Privy Council) 1891 onwards. A. & E. Adolphus & Ellis's Reports (King's Bench)1834-41. Add. Addam's Reports (Ecclesiastical) 1822-6. Ambl. Ambler's Reports (Chancery) 1737-83. App. Ca. Law Reports (House of Lords and Privy Council) 1875-90. Atk. Atkyn's Reports (Chancery) 1735-54. Ayl. Par. Ayliffe's Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani, 1726. B. & C. Barnewall & Cresswell's Reports (King's Bench) 1822-30. B. & Ad. Barnewall & Adolphus' Reports (King's Bench) 1830-34. B. & Ald. Barnewall & Alderson's Reports (King's Bench) 1818-22. B. & Sm. Best & Smith's Reports (Queen's Bench) 1861-70. Beav. Beavan's Reports (Chancery) 1838-66. Bl. Comm. Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England. Burn. Burn's Ecclesiastical Law, 4 vols. Canon. One of the Constitutions and Canons Ecclesiastical agreed upon in the Canterbury convocation begun in 1603. C. B. Common Bench Reports, 1845-56. C. B. N. S. Common Bench Reports, New Series, 1856-65. C. & K. Carrington & Kirwan's Reports (Nisi Prius) 1843-1853. C. P. D. Law Reports (Common Pleas Division) 1875-80. Ch. Law Reports, Chancery Division, 1891 onwards. Ch. D. Law Reports, Chancery Division, 1875-90. Cl. & F. Clark & Finnelly's Reports (House of Lords) 1831-46. Clarke, Proxis Francis Clarke's Proxis in Curiis Ecclesiasticis, 1666, 1684. Co. Inst. Coke's Institutes of the Laws of England, Second Part. Co. Litt. Coke upon Littleton (with notes by Hargrave and Butler). Co. Rep. Coke's Reports, 1598-1616. Com. Dig. Comyn's Digest. Cowp. Cowper's Reports (King's Bench) 1774-78. Cripps. Cripps's Law relating to the Church and Clergy, 6th ed., 1886. Cro. Jac. Croke's Reports (temp. James I.) 1603-1625. Curt. Curteis's Ecclesiastical Reports, 1834-44. Degge. Sir Simon Degge's Parson's Counsellor. Dr. & Sm. Drewry & Smale's Reports (Chancery) 1859-65. E. & B. Ellis & Blackburn's Reports (Queen's Bench) 1854-8. Eccl. & Adm. Ecclesiastical & Admiralty Reports (Spinks) 1853-5. El. & El. Ellis & Ellis' Reports (Queen's Bench) 1858-61. Ex. Exchequer Reports, 1847-56. Ex. D. Law Reports

(Exchequer Division) 1875-1880. Geary Geary's Law of Marriage and Family Relations (A. & C. Black, 1892). Gibs. Cod. Gibson's Codex Juris Ecclesiastici Anglicani. Hag. Cons. Haggard's Consistory Reports, 1729-1821. Hag. Eccl. Haggard's Ecclesiastical Reports, 1827-1832. H. & C. Hurlstone & Coltman's Reports (Exchequer) 1862-66. H. L. C. House of Lords Cases, 1847-66. Hob. Hobart's Reports, 1611-20. Ir. Ch. Rep. App. Irish Chancery Reports (Appendix). J. & H. Johnson & Hemming's Reports (Chancery) 1859-62. J. P. Justice of the Peace, 1837 onwards. Johns. John Johnson's Clergyman's Vade Mecum, 6th ed., 1731. Jur. Jurist (Reports) 1837-54. Jur. N. S. Jurist, New Series (Reports) 1855-66. K. B. Law Reports (King's Bench) 1901 onwards. L. J. (Ch., C.P., Ex. Q.B.) Law Journal 1823-31; New Series 1832 onwards (Chancery, Common Pleas, Exchequer, Queen's Bench). L. J. Eccl. Ditto (Ecclesiastical Cases). L. J. M. C. Ditto (Magistrates' Cases). L. J. P. M. & A. Ditto (Probate, Matrimonial, and Admiralty Cases). L. R. A. & E. Law Reports, 1865-75 (Admiralty and Ecclesiastical). L. R. C. P. Ex. Q. B. Ditto (Common Law). L. R. Ch. Ditto (Chancery Appeals). L. R. Eq. Ditto (Equity). L. R. H. L. Ditto (House of Lords). L. R. H. L. Sc. Ditto (Scotch and Divorce Appeals). L. R. P. C. Ditto (Privy Council). L. T. N. S. Law Times (New Series) Reports, 1859 onwards. M. & S. Maule & Selwyn's Reports (King's Bench) 1813-17. M. & W. Meeson & Welsby's Reports (Exchequer) 1836-47. Marsh. Marshall's Reports (Common Pleas) 1813-1816. Mer. Merivale's Reports (Chancery) 1815-17. Moo. P. C. Moore's Privy Council Reports, 1836-62. Moo. P. C. N. S. Ditto, New Series, 1862-73. N. R. New Reports (Equity and Common Law) 1862-65. Not. of Ca. Notes of Cases (Ecclesiastical and Maritime) 1841-50. P. Law Reports, Probate Division, 1891 onwards. P. D. Law Reports, Probate Division, 1875-90. Phill. Phillimore's Reports (Ecclesiastical) 1809-1821. Phill. Eccl. Law Phillimore's Ecclesiastical Law of the Church of England, 2 vols., 2nd ed., 1895. P. Wms. Peere Williams' Reports (Chancery) 1695-1735. Q. B. Queen's Bench Reports (Adolphus & Ellis) 1841-52. Q. B. Law Reports (Queen's Bench) 1891-1900. Q. B. D. Law Reports (Queen's Bench Division) 1875-1890. Rob. Eccl. Robertson's Reports (Ecclesiastical) 1844-1853. Sc. L. R. Scottish Law Reporter, 1865 onwards. Sm. Churchw. Smith's Law of Churchwardens and Sidesmen in the Twentieth Century (Wells, Gardner, & Co., 2s.). Str. Strange's Reports, 1715-47. Strype's Annals John Strype's Annals of the Reformation (ed. 1824) 4 vols. Sw. & Tr. Swabey & Tristram's Reports (Probate and Divorce) 1858-65. Taun. Taunton's Reports (Common Pleas) 1807-1819. Times Law Rep. Times Law Reports, 1884 onwards. T. R. Durnford & East's Term Reports (King's Bench) 1785-1800. Trist. Cons. Judgm. Tristram's Consistory Judgments, 1872-90. Ventr. Ventris' Reports (King's Bench) 1668-91. Ves. Vesey Junior's Reports (Chancery) 1789-1816. Wats. Watson's Clergyman's Law, 4th ed., 1747. Willes Willes Reports (Common Pleas) 1737-58. Wils. Wilson's Reports (Common Law) 1743-74. W. R. Weekly Reporter, 1853 onwards. Yo. & Jer. Younge & Jervis's Reports (Exchequer) 1826-30.

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CHAPTER I

GENERAL LEGAL POSITION