The Story of the Nations

THE STORY OF THE
BARBARY CORSAIRS

BY

STANLEY LANE-POOLE.

AUTHOR OF “THE LIFE OF LORD STRATFORD DE REDCLIFFE,” “TURKEY,”
“THE MOORS IN SPAIN,” ETC., ETC.

WITH THE COLLABORATION OF
LIEUT. J. D. JERROLD KELLEY, U.S. NAVY

NEW YORK
G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN
1890

Copyright
By G. P. Putnam’s Sons
1890

Entered at Stationers’ Hall, London
By T. Fisher Unwin

Press of
G. P. Putnam’s Sons
New York

THE STORY OF THE NATIONS

12MO, ILLUSTRATED. PER VOL., $1.50

THE EARLIER VOLUMES ARE

For prospectus of the series see end of this volume.

G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS, NEW YORK AND LONDON

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CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.   I.     PAGES The Revenge of the Moors. 3‑13 Centuries of piracy, 3—The Moslems take to the sea, 4—African fleets, 7—Effects of the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 8—The delights of piracy, 9—Retaliation of the Moors, 10—Don Pedro Navarro, 12—The building of the Peñon de Alger, 13.   II.   The Land of the Corsairs. 14‑27 The Barbary Peninsula, 14—Command of the narrow seas, 15—Barbary ports and havens, 16—Character of the country, 20—North-African dynasties, 21—Relations between the rulers of Barbary and the Christian States, 22—Piracy discountenanced, 24—Christian Corsairs,

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">25—Growth of sea-roving, 26—The coming of the Turks, 27.   PART I.   THE CORSAIR ADMIRALS.   III.   Urūj Barbarossa. 1504-1515 31‑44 Lesbos, 31—Birth of Urūj and Kheyr-ed-dīn Barbarossa, 31—Arrival of Urūj at Tunis, 32—Capture of Papal galleys, 35—The epithet Barba-rossa, 36—Galley slaves, 39—Jerba, 40—Unsuccessful siege of Bujēya, 40—Doria besieges the Goletta of Tunis, 43—Second attack on Bujēya, 44—Urūj becomes king of Jījil, 44.   IV.   The Taking of Algiers. 1516-1518 45‑52 Death of Ferdinand, 45—Algerines appeal to Urūj to deliver them from the Spaniards, 46—His doings at Algiers, 49—Defeat of a Spanish armada, 50—Victory over the prince of Tinnis, 50—Great authority of Urūj, 51—Expedition of the Marquis de Comares, 51—Death of Urūj Barbarossa, 52.   V.   Kheyr-ed-dīn Barbarossa. 1518-1530 53‑60 Departure of the Spanish troops, 53—Character of Kheyr-ed-dīn, 53—Policy towards the Sultan, 54—Is made Beglerbeg of Algiers, 54—Disaster to Don Hugo de Moncada, 55—Kheyr-ed-dīn’s cruises and his captains, 56—“Drub-Devil” at Majorca, 57—Defeat of Portundo, 58—Storming of the Peñon de Alger, 59—Kheyr-ed-dīn’s fleet, 59.   VI.   The Ottoman Navy. 1470-1522

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">61‑75 Rise of the Turkish navy, 61—Rivalry of Genoa and Venice, 62—The fleet of Mohammed II., 65—The Knights Hospitallers, 66—Ship building at Constantinople, 66—The Battle of Zonchio, 68—Fall of Lepanto, 71—Decline of Venice, 71—Siege of Rhodes, 73—Kheyr-ed-dīn summoned to the Porte, 75.   VII.   Doria and Barbarossa. 1533 76‑83 Andrea Doria, 76—Change of sides, 77—The two rivals, 78—Doria’s conquest of Coron, 78—Relief of Coron, 81—Kheyr-ed-dīn sails to Constantinople, 82—Is made Admiral, 83—Building galleys, 83.   VIII.   Tunis Taken and Lost. 1534-1535 84‑93 Kheyr-ed-dīn ravages the coasts of Italy, 84—Giulia Gonzaga, 84—The Benī Hafs of Tunis, 85—Conquest of Tunis by Kheyr-ed-dīn, 86—Charles V. goes to Tunis, 86—Defeat of Kheyr-ed-dīn, 89—Brutality of the Imperial troops, 90—Joy throughout Christendom, 91—Kheyr-ed-dīn’s expedition to Minorca, 93.   IX.   The Sea-fight off Prevesa. 1537 94‑104 Kheyr-ed-dīn and Venice, 94—Venetian provocations, 95—Doria off Paxos, 95—Kheyr-ed-dīn lays waste the Apulian coast, 96—Siege of Corfu by the Turks, 96—Abandoned, 97—A raid among the isles of Greece, 97—Rich prizes, 97—Kheyr-ed-dīn sails to combat Doria,

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">98—Battle off Prevesa, 101—Doria’s galleasses, 102—Hesitation of the Christians, 103—Doria’s seamanship and Kheyr-ed-dīn’s audacity, 104.   X.   Barbarossa in France. 1539-1546 105‑111 Kheyr-ed-dīn retakes Castelnuovo, 105—Is invited by Francis I. to come to Marseilles, 106—Attacks Nice, 109—Winters at Toulon, 109—Ransoms Dragut, 110—Returns to Constantinople, and dies, 111—His tomb at Beshiktash, 111.   XI.   Charles at Algiers. 1541 112‑123 Barbarossa’s successors at Algiers, 112—Charles V. resolves to destroy piracy, 113—The expedition to Algiers, 113—Stormy voyage, 114—The Christian fleet, 114—Landing at Algiers, 117—Effects of the rains, 118—Repulse of the besiegers, 118—Panic in the camp allayed by the Emperor, 119—The Storm, 119—Charles orders a retreat, 120—The remnant of the army sails away, 121—Another tempest, 122—Total failure of the expedition, 123.   XII.   Dragut Reïs. 1543-1560 124‑140 Dragut or Torghūd the Rover, 124—His captivity, 127—His lair at Jerba, 128—The city of “Africa,” 128—Early siege of “Africa” by the Duke of Bourbon, 131—Retreat, 133—“Africa” (Mahdīya) taken by Dragut, 133—Retaken by Doria and Garcia de Toledo, 134—Dragut’s escape from Jerba, 135—He joins the Ottoman navy, 136—Attack on Malta,

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@22169@[email protected]#Page_136" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">136—Siege and conquest of Tripoli, 137—Christian fleets assemble for recapture of Tripoli, 138—Disaster at Jerba, 139-140.   XIII.   The Knights of Malta. 1565 141‑159 Activity of Maltese galleys, 141—Fortifications of Malta, 142—Description of Malta, in 1565, 143—The Turkish forces, 144—Jean de la Valette, 145—Arrival of Dragut, 146—Siege of Fort St. Elmo, 147—Fall of St. Elmo, 149—Death of Dragut, 149—Siege of Fort St. Michael, 150—Ten assaults, 155—A false alarm, 157—Last assault, 158—Arrival of relieving army, 158—The survivors of the siege, 159.   XIV.   Lepanto. 1571 160‑178 Results of the siege of Malta, 160—Ochiali, 161—The Turks lay siege to Cyprus, 162—Jealousies among the Christian admirals, 163—Cyprus occupied by the Turks, 164—Efforts of Pope Pius V., 164—Don John of Austria, 167—Muster of the Christian fleets, 167—The Turkish armada, 173—Meeting of the hostile fleets, 173—Giovanni Doria’s tactics, 175—Marshalling of the Turkish array, 175—Beginning of the battle, 176—The victory, 177—Cervantes, 177—Subsequent career and death of Don John, 178.   PART II.   THE PETTY PIRATES.   XV.   The General of the Galleys. 16th-18th Centuries

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">181‑199 The last of the great Corsairs, 181—Ochiali, 182—Pashas of Algiers, 185—Renegades succeeded by Turks, 185—Beys of Tunis, 186—Blackmail levied on the Christian Powers, 186—Deys of Algiers, 187—Violent deaths, 187—Morocco, 188—Salē rovers, 188—Delgarno, 188—Chevalier Acton, 191—Murād Reïs, 192—’Ali Pichinin, 194—Defeated by Venetians, 194—His slaves, 195—His theology, 199.   XVI.   Galleys and Galley Slaves. 16th Century 200‑225 The Renegade Corsairs, 200—Their cruises, 201—Description of different classes of galleys, 205—Furttenbach’s account, 206—Rig and armament, 213—Galley-oars, 214—Sufferings of the slaves, 215—The boatswains, 216—Christian galleys, 217—Ship’s company, 218—Barbary galleot, 218—Building, 219—Strength of Algerine fleet, 219—Captains, 220—Launching a galley, 220—The rowers and owners, 221—Soldiers, 221—Food, 222—Auguration, 222—Time of cruising, speed, and manoeuvre, 222-223—Ports of refuge, 223-4—Mode of attack, 224—Division of spoils, 224—Return to port with a prize, 225.   XVII.   The Triumph of Sails. 17th Century

href="@public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@22169@[email protected]#Page_226" class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">226‑234 European ship-builders in Barbary, 226—The galley superseded by the galleon or ship, 229—Depredations of the Algerine sailing-ships, 229—Fighting a Turkish caramuzel, 231—Raids on Madeira, Denmark, Iceland, and Ireland, 232—Losses of the French, 234.   XVIII.   The Redemption of Captives. 17th and 18th Centuries 235‑255 Slaves on shore, 235—Dan’s account, 236—Cruelty the exception, 241—Government slaves, 242—Sale of captives, 243—Pitiful history of four Knights of Malta, 244—Cervantes in captivity, 246—Attempts to escape, 247—The Order of the Redemption, 251—Father Dan and the mission of Sanson le Page, 252—Arrival of the new Pasha at Algiers, 253—The Bastion de France, 254—Father Comelin, 255.   XIX.   The Abasement of Europe. 16th to 18th Centuries 256‑273 Arrogance of the Barbary States, 256—Humiliations imposed upon foreign envoys, 257—Extortion of blackmail from European Powers, 259—Treatment of consuls, 260—Piracy on the high sea, 265—Mr. Spratt’s captivity, 266—Ransoms by English government, 267—Adventures of captives, 267—Admiral Blake at Porto Farina, 269—False passes, 270—Failure of all remonstrances, 271-3.   XX.   The United States and Tripoli. 1803-5 274‑291 Piracy on American ships, 274—Threats of the Pirates, 275—Squadrons sent to refuse tribute, 276—Commodore Preble,

tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">276—Tangiers brought to reason, 277—The loss of the Philadelphia, 279—Decatur succeeds in burning her, 287—Attack on Tripoli, 289—Treaty signed, 290.   XXI.   The Battle of Algiers. 1816 292‑300 Proceedings of the Mediterranean fleet, 292—American treaty with Algiers, 293—Lord Exmouth’s expedition, 293—His success at Tunis, 294—Princess Caroline, 295—Bombardment of Algiers, 297—Treaty ineffectual, 299.   XXII.   The French in Africa. 1830-1881 301‑310 French quarrel with Algiers, 301—Duperré’s expedition, 302—Surrender of Algiers and departure of the last Dey, 302—Cruelties in French occupation of Algiers, 303—’Abd-el-Kādir leads the Arabs, 305—His victories and reverses, 306—His submission and exile, 306—Subsequent French policy in Algiers, 307—The invasion of Tunis, 307—Perfidy of the French Government, 308—A reign of terror, 309.   Index. 311