align="center">α

(like Nom. or Neut.) (naked stem.) Vocative. ες α Dual. Nom., Acc., Voc., ε; Gen., Dat., οιν.

§ 33. The Nom. sing. is so often changed by the euphonic rules that the stem of the noun is best seen in the Gen. Nouns in ις, υς, and ευς take the (Attic) Gen. εως, (ω regarded as short.) The α of the Acc. sing. is usually after a consonant. Many irregularities and some anomalies occur, which may generally be learned from the lexicon.

ADJECTIVES.

§ 34. These are declined like nouns, having sometimes three sets of terminations for the respective genders, sometimes two, (masc. and fem. alike,) rarely but one, (all genders alike.) The masc. and neut. are always of the same declension, (second or third,) and the fem., when different, always of the first. Participles are declined like adjectives.

§ 35. Adjectives are compared either by using an adverb expressive of degree, or, more regularly, by adding to the stem of the positive the syllables ότερος or ίων for the comparative, and ότατος or ιστος for the superlative. Some euphonic changes occur in making these additions, which then take the regular declensional endings.

NUMERALS.

§ 36. The cardinal numbers are either simple, (the units, tens, and a few others,) or compound, (intermediate numbers.) Those from one to four inclusive, and the hundreds and thousands, are declined like adjectives. They may all be learned from the lexicon.

§ 37. The ordinals are mostly formed from the cardinals by adjective endings.

PRONOUNS.

§ 38. Of the personal pronouns, those of the 1st and 2d persons only are specially noteworthy, being declined as nouns irregularly:--

	I or Me.	We or Us.	Thou or Thee.	Ye or You.
Nominative.	ἐγώ	ἡμεῖς	σύ	ὑμεῖς
Genitive.	(ἐ)μοῦ	ἡμῶν	σοῦ	ὑμῶν
Dative.	(ἐ)μοί	ἡμῖν	σοί	ὑμῖν
Accusative.	(ἐ)μέ	ἡμᾶς	σέ	ὑμᾶς

§ 39. The rest are declined as adjectives--masc. ος, fem, η, neut. ο; often compounded, one or both parts being declined; but, with the exception of τις, (interrogative τίς, indefinite τὶς,) neut. τι, Gen. τινος, of the third declension, the article (definite only) and the demonstrative alone are very peculiar in declension, as follows:--

Singular.				The.	Plural.
Masc.	Neut.		Fem.		Masc.	Neut.		Fem.
ὁ	τό		ἡ	Nominative.	οἱ	τά		αἱ
τοῦ		τῆς		Genitive.	τῶν		τῶν
τῷ		τῇ		Dative.	τοῖς		ταῖς
τόν	τό		τήν	Accusative.	-ούς	τά		τάς
Dual. Nom., Acc., Voc., τώ, τά; Gen., Dat., τοῖν, ταῖν.

 

Singular.				This, These.	Plural.
Masc.	Neut.		Fem.		Masc.	Neut.		Fem.
οὗτος	τοῦτο		αὕτη	Nominative.	οὗτοι	ταῦτα		αὗται
τούτου		ταύτης		Genitive.	τούτων		τούτων
τούτῳ		-αύτῃ		Dative.	τούτοις		ταύταις
τουτου	τοῦτο		ταυτην	Accusative.	τούτους	ταῦτα		ταύτας
Dual. Nom., Acc., Voc., τούτω, ταῦτα; Gen., Dat., τούτοιν, ταύταιν

LESSON IV.

VERBS.

§ 40. There are three Voices, Active, Middle, and Passive, generally distinguished by the termination.

The Middle is properly reflexive. Some of its tenses have an active meaning. A few verbs, called deponent, are throughout pass. in form, but act. or mid. in meaning.

§ 41. There are five Mood in each voice, the Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive, Optative, and Infinitive, to which may be added the Participles; they are mostly known by means of the union-vowel--that which immediately precedes the termination.

§ 42. The Indic., Imper., Infin., and Participles correspond to the English, and have a short union-vowel, (ε, ο, or α,) except the Perf. and Pluperf. pass., which have no union-vowel; the Pluperf. act. and mid., which have ει; and the Aorists pass., which have η or its equivalent.

§ 43. The Imper. has but two persons. 2d and 3d. The Infin. has but one termination for all numbers and persons, and is very often used as a neut. noun, with the article, etc., yet retaining its construction as a verb.

§ 44. The Subj. and Opt. are used in certain dependent relations, like the English subjunctive and