style="margin-top: 2em">CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTORY……………………………………………..1

CHAPTER II

THE VEDAS, BRÂHMA@NAS AND THEIR PHILOSOPHY

 1 The Vedas and their antiquity……………………………10
 2 The place of the Vedas in the Hindu mind………………….10
 3 Classification of the Vedic literature……………………11
 4 The Sa@mhitâs………………………………………….12
 5 The Brâhma@nas…………………………………………13
 6 The Âra@nyakas…………………………………………14
 7 The @Rg-Veda, its civilization…………………………..14
 8 The Vedic gods…………………………………………16
 9 Polytheism, Henotheism, and Monotheism……………………17
10 Growth of a Monotheistic tendency; Prajâpati, Vis'vakarma…..19
11 Brahma………………………………………………..20
12 Sacrifice; the First Rudiments of the Law of Karma…………21
13 Cosmogony—Mythological and Philosophical…………………23
14 Eschatology; the Doctrine of Âtman……………………….25
15 Conclusion…………………………………………….26

CHAPTER III

THE EARLIER UPANI@SADS (700 B.C.-600 B.C.)

 1 The place of the Upani@sads in Vedic literature……………28
 2 The names of the Upani@sads; Non-Brahmanic influence……….30
 3 Brâhma@nas and the Early Upani@sads………………………31
 4 The meaning of the word Upani@sad………………………..38
 5 The composition and growth of diverse Upani@sads…………..38
 6 Revival of Upani@sad studies in modern times………………39
 7 The Upani@sads and their interpretations………………….41
 8 The quest after Brahman: the struggle and the failures……..42
 9 Unknowability of Brahman and the Negative Method…………..44
10 The Âtman doctrine……………………………………..45
11 Place of Brahman in the Upani@sads……………………….48
12 The World……………………………………………..51
13 The World-Soul…………………………………………52
14 The Theory of Causation…………………………………52
15 Doctrine of Transmigration………………………………53
16 Emancipation…………………………………………..58

CHAPTER IV

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE SYSTEMS OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

1 In what sense is a History of Indian Philosophy possible?……62 2 Growth of the Philosophic Literature………………………65 3 The Indian systems of Philosophy………………………….67 4 Some fundamental points of agreement………………………71 1 The Karma theory…………………………………..71 2 The Doctrine of Mukti………………………………74 3 The Doctrine of Soul……………………………….75 5 The Pessimistic Attitude towards the World and the Optimistic Faith in the end………………………………………..75 6 Unity in Indian Sâdhana (philosophical, religious and ethical endeavours)…………………………………………….77

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CHAPTER V

BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY

 1 The State of Philosophy in India before Buddha……………..78
 2 Buddha: his Life………………………………………..81
 3 Early Buddhist Literature………………………………..82
 4 The Doctrine of Causal Connection of early Buddhism…………84
 5 The Khandhas……………………………………………93
 6 Avijjâ and Âsava………………………………………..99
 7 Sîla and Samâdhi……………………………………….100
 8 Kamma…………………………………………………106
 9 Upani@sads and Buddhism…………………………………109
10 The Schools of Theravâda Buddhism………………………..112
11 Mahâyânism…………………………………………….125
12 The Tathatâ Philosophy of As'vagho@sa (80 A.D.)……………129
13 The Mâdhyamika or the Sûnyavâda school—Nihilism…………..138
14 Uncompromising Idealism or the School of Vijñânavâda Buddhism.145
15 Sautrântika theory of Perception…………………………151
16 Sautrântika theory of Inference………………………….155
17 The Doctrine of Momentariness……………………………158
18 The Doctrine of Momentariness and the Doctrine of Causal
 Efficiency (Arthakriyâkâritva)…………………………….163
19 Some Ontological Problems on which the Different Indian Systems
 diverged………………………………………………..164
20 Brief Survey of the Evolution of Buddhist Thought………….166

CHAPTER VI

THE JAINA PHILOSOPHY

1 The Origin of Jainism…………………………………..169 2 Two Sects of Jainism……………………………………170 3 The Canonical and other Literature of the Jains……………171 4 Some General Characteristics of the Jains…………………172 5 Life of Mahâvîra……………………………………….173 6 The Fundamental Ideas of Jaina Ontology…………………..173 7 The Doctrine of Relative Pluralism (Anekântavâda)………….175 8 The Doctrine of Nâyas…………………………………..176 9 The Doctrine of Syâdvâda………………………………..179 10 Knowledge, its value for us……………………………..181 11 Theory of Perception……………………………………183 12 Non-Perceptual knowledge………………………………..185 13 Knowledge as Revelation…………………………………186 14 The Jîvas……………………………………………..188 15 Karma Theory…………………………………………..190 16 Karma, Âsrava and Nirjarâ……………………………….192 17 Pudgala……………………………………………….195 18 Dharma, Adharma, Âkâs'a…………………………………197 19 Kâla and Samaya………………………………………..198 20 Jaina Cosmography………………………………………199 21 Jaina Yoga…………………………………………….199 22 Jaina Atheism………………………………………….203 23 Mok@sa (emancipation)…………………………………..207

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CHAPTER VII

THE KAPILA AND THE PÂTAÑJALA SÂ@MKHYA (YOGA)

1 A Review………………………………………………208 2 The Germs of Sâ@mkhya in the Upani@sads…………………..211 3 Sâ@mkhya and Yoga Literature…………………………….212 4 An Early School of Sâ@mkhya……………………………..213 5 Sâ@mkhya kârikâ, Sâ@mkhya sûtra, Vâcaspati Mis'ra and Vijñâna Bhiksu………………………………………………….222 6 Yoga and Patañjali……………………………………..226 7 The Sâ@mkhya and the Yoga doctrine of Soul or Purusa……….238 8 Thought and Matter……………………………………..241 9 Feelings, the Ultimate Substances………………………..242 10 The Gunas……………………………………………..243 11 Prak@@rti and its