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قراءة كتاب The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895
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اللغة: English
The Whence and the Whither of Man A Brief History of His Origin and Development through Conformity to Environment; Being the Morse Lectures of 1895
الصفحة رقم: 1
THE WHENCE AND THE
WHITHER OF MAN
A BRIEF HISTORY OF HIS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
THROUGH CONFORMITY TO ENVIRONMENT
Being the Morse Lectures of 1895
BY
JOHN M. TYLER
PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY, AMHERST COLLEGE
New York
Charles Scribner's Sons
1896
Morse Lectures
1893—THE PLACE OF CHRIST IN
MODERN THEOLOGY. By Rev. A.M.
Fairbairn, D.D. 8vo, $2.50
1894—THE RELIGIONS OF JAPAN. By Rev.
William Elliot Griffis, D.D.
12mo, $2.00.
1895—THE WHENCE AND THE WHITHER OF
MAN. By Professor John M. Tyler.
12mo, $1.75.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| INTRODUCTION | ix |
| CHAPTER I | |
| THE PROBLEM: THE MODE OF ITS SOLUTION | 1 |
| The question. — The two theories of man's origin. — The argument purely historical. — Means of tracing man's ancestry and history. — Classification. — Ontogenesis and Phylogenesis. | |
| CHAPTER II | |
| PROTOZOA TO WORMS: CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANS | 32 |
| Amœba: Its anatomy and physiology. — Development of the cell. — Hydra: The development of digestive and reproductive organs, and of tissues. — Forms intermediate between amœba and hydra: Magosphæra, volvox. — Embryonic development. — Turbellaria: Appearance of a body wall, of ganglion, and nerve-cords. | |
| CHAPTER III | |
| WORMS TO VERTEBRATES: SKELETON AND HEAD | 55 |
| Worms and the development of organs. — Mollusks: The external protective skeleton leads to degeneration or stagnation. — Annelids and arthropods: The external locomotive skeleton leads to temporary rapid advance, but fails of the goal. — Its disadvantages. — Vertebrates: The internal locomotive skeleton leads to backbone and brain. — Reasons for their dominance. — The primitive vertebrate. | |
| CHAPTER IV | |
| VERTEBRATES: BACKBONE AND BRAIN | 81 |
| The advance of vertebrates from fish through amphibia and reptiles to mammals. — The development of skeleton, appendages, circulatory and respiratory systems, and brain. — Mammals: The oviparous monotremata. — Marsupials. — Placental mammals. — Development of the placenta. — Primates. — Arboreal life and the development of the hand. — Comparison of man with the highest apes. — Recapitulation of the history of man's origin and development. — The sequence of dominant functions. | |
| CHAPTER V | |
| THE HISTORY OF MENTAL DEVELOPMENT AND ITS SEQUENCE OF FUNCTIONS | 113 |
| Mode of investigation. — Intellect. — Sense-perceptions. — Association. — Inference and understanding. — Rational intelligence. — Modes of mental or nervous action. — Reflex action, unconscious and comparatively mechanical. — Instinctive action: The actor is conscious, but guided by heredity. — Intelligent action. — The actor is conscious, guided by intelligence resulting from experience or observation. — The will stimulated by motives. — Appetites. — Fear and other prudential considerations. — Care for young and love of mates. — The dawn of unselfishness. — Motives furnished by the rational intelligence: Truth, right, duty. — Recapitulation: The will, stimulated by ever higher motives, is finally to be dominated by unselfishness and love of truth and righteousness. — These rouse the only inappeasable hunger, and are capable of indefinite development. — Strength of these motives. — Their complete dominance the goal of human development. | |
| CHAPTER VI | |
| NATURAL SELECTION AND ENVIRONMENT | 152 |
| The reversal of the sequence of functions leads to extermination, degeneration, or, rarely, to stagnation. — Natural selection becomes more unsparing as we go higher. — Extinction. — Severity of the struggle for life. — Environment one. — But lower animals come into vital relation with but a small part of it. — It consists of a myriad of forces, which, as acting on a given form, may be considered as one grand resultant. — Environment is thus a power making at first for digestion and reproduction, then for muscular strength and activity, then for shrewdness, finally for unselfishness and righteousness. — An ultimate "power, not ourselves, making for righteousness," a personality. — Our knowledge of this personality may be valid, even though very incomplete. — Religion. — Conformity to the spiritual in or behind environment is likeness to God. — The conservative tendency in evolution. | |
| CHAPTER VII | |
| CONFORMITY TO ENVIRONMENT | public@vhost@g@gutenberg@html@files@14834@[email protected]#Page_177" class="pginternal" |