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قراءة كتاب A History of Science — Volume 2
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A HISTORY OF SCIENCE
BY HENRY SMITH WILLIAMS, M.D., LL.D.
ASSISTED BY EDWARD H. WILLIAMS, M.D.
IN FIVE VOLUMES
VOLUME II.
CONTENTS
A HISTORY OF SCIENCE
BOOK II. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN SCIENCEII. MEDIAEVAL SCIENCE AMONG THE ARABIANS
III. MEDIAEVAL SCIENCE IN THE WEST
IV. THE NEW COSMOLOGY—COPERNICUS TO KEPLER AND GALILEO
V. GALILEO AND THE NEW PHYSICS
VI. TWO PSEUDO-SCIENCES—ALCHEMY AND ASTROLOGY
VII. FROM PARACELSUS TO HARVEY
VIII. MEDICINE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
IX. PHILOSOPHER-SCIENTISTS AND NEW INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING
X. THE SUCCESSORS OF GALILEO IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE
XI. NEWTON AND THE COMPOSITION OF LIGHT
XII. NEWTON AND THE LAW OF GRAVITATION
XIII. INSTRUMENTS OF PRECISION IN THE AGE OF NEWTON
XIV. PROGRESS IN ELECTRICITY FROM GILBERT AND VON GUERICKE TO FRANKLIN
XV. NATURAL HISTORY TO THE TIME OF LINNAEUS
A HISTORY OF SCIENCE
BOOK II. THE BEGINNINGS OF MODERN SCIENCE
The studies of the present book cover the progress of science from the close of the Roman period in the fifth century A.D. to about the middle of the eighteenth century. In tracing the course of events through so long a period, a difficulty becomes prominent which everywhere besets the historian in less degree—a difficulty due to the conflict between the strictly chronological and the topical method of treatment. We must hold as closely as possible to the actual sequence of events, since, as already pointed out, one discovery leads on to another. But, on the other hand, progressive steps are taken contemporaneously in the various fields of science, and if we were to attempt to introduce these in strict chronological order we should lose all sense of topical continuity.
Our method has been to adopt a compromise, following the course of a single science in each great epoch to a convenient stopping-point, and then turning back to bring forward the story of another science. Thus, for example, we tell the story of Copernicus and Galileo, bringing the record of cosmical and mechanical progress down to about the middle of the seventeenth century, before turning back to take up the physiological progress of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Once the latter stream is entered, however, we follow it without interruption to the time of Harvey and his contemporaries in the middle of the seventeenth century, where we leave it to return to the field of