class="pginternal" tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}a">363b.jpg Table of Kings

364.jpg Enlarged Plan of First Dynasty Tombs

366.jpg Ebony Tablet of King Aha-mena

368.jpg Tomb of Zer, 4700 B.c.

372.jpg Tomb of Zet, Circa 4700 B.c.

377.jpg Plans of the Tombs Of Den-setui and Others

379.jpg Tablet of Den-setui, 4600 B.c.

380.jpg Architectural Drawing, B.c. 4600.

381.jpg Ivory Panel of Den-setui, 4600 B.c.

382.jpg Stairway in the Tomb Azab

384.jpg Tomb of Mersekha, Showing Wooden Floor

385.jpg Plan of Tomb Of Qa, Circa 4500 B.c.

386.jpg Style of King Qa

389.jpg Stone Chamber of Khasekhemui

391.jpg Gold-capped Vases and Gold Bracelets

393.jpg General Plan of Buildings at Abydos

395.jpg Wall of Usirtasen I.

395.jpg Ivory Statuette of First Dynasty King

398.jpg Ivory Statuette of Khufvi.

399.jpg Carved Ivory Lion

400.jpg Ancient Egyptian Arrows

401.jpg Miscellaneous Copper Objects

402a.jpg Ivory Comb, B. C. 4800

402b.jpg Corn-grinder and Three-sided Bowl

403.jpg Types of Prehistoric and First Dynasty Pottery

404a.jpg Pottery Marks

404b.jpg Pottery Forms from Abydos

405.jpg Three Types of Sealings

406.jpg a Sealing Showing Jars

407.jpg Accounts on Pottery, B.C. 4600

408.jpg Unique Instance of a Dissected Burial

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CHAPTER I—THE CRUSADERS IN EGYPT

The Ideal of the Crusader: Saladin's Campaign: Richard I. in Palestine: Siege of Damietta: St. Louis in Egypt: The Mamluks: Beybars' Policy.

The traditional history of the Christian Church has generally maintained that the Crusades were due solely to religious influence and sprang from ideal and moral motives: those hundreds of thousands of warriors who went out to the East were religious enthusiasts, prompted by the pious longings of their hearts, and Peter the Hermit, it was claimed, had received a divine message to call Christendom to arms, to preach a Crusade against the unbelievers and take possession of the Holy Sepulchre. That such ideal reasons should be attributed to a war like the Crusades, of a wide and far-reaching influence on the political and intellectual development of mediæval Europe, is not at all surprising. In the history of humanity there have been few wars in which the combatants on both sides were not convinced that they had drawn their swords for some noble purpose, for the cause of right and justice. That the motives prompting the vast display of arms witnessed during the Crusades, that the wanderings of those crowds to the East during two