قراءة كتاب Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia
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Kinship Organisations and Group Marriage in Australia
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30. Leichardt, F. W. L., Journal of an Overland Expedition in Australia. London, 1848, 8o.
31. Lumholtz, C., Among Cannibals. London, 1889, 8o.
32. Maclennan, J. F., Studies in Ancient History. 2nd Series, London, 1886, 8o.
33. Man. London, 1901 sq., 8o.
34. Mathew, J., Eaglehawk and Crow. London, 1898, 8o.
35. Mathews, R. H., Ethnological Notes. Sydney, 1905, 8o.
36. Mitteilungen des Seminars fur orientalische Sprachen. Berlin, 1898 etc., 8o.
37. Mitteilungen des Vereins fur Erdkunde. Halle, 1877-1892, 8o.
38. Moore, G. F., Descriptive Vocabulary of the Language in Common Use among the Aborigines of Western Australia. London, 1842, 8o.
39. Morgan, Lewis H., Ancient Society. New York, 1877, 8o.
40. New, C., Travels. London, 1854, 8o.
41. Owen, Mary A., The Musquakie Indians. London, 1905, 8o.
42. Parker, K. L., The Euahlayi Tribe. London, 1905, 8o.
43. Petrie, Tom, Reminiscences. Brisbane, 1905, 8o.
44. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, 1840 etc., 8o.
45. Proceedings of the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science. 1889 etc., 8o.
46. Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, Queensland Branch. Brisbane, 1886 etc., 8o.
47. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland. Brisbane, 1884 etc., 8o.
48. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria. Melbourne, 1889 etc., 8o.
49. Reports of the Cambridge University Expedition to Torres Straits. Cambridge, 1903 etc., 4o.
50. Roth, W. E., Ethnological Studies. Brisbane, 1898, 8o.
51. Schürmann, C. W., Vocabulary of the Parnkalla Language. Adelaide, 1844, 8o.
52. Science of Man. Sydney, 1898 etc., 4o.
53. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Washington, 1848 etc., 4o.
54. Spencer, B. and Gillen, F. J., Native Tribes of Central Australasia. London, 1898, 8o.
55. Spencer, B. and Gillen, F. J., Northern Tribes of Central Australia. London, 1904, 8o.
56. Stokes, J. L., Discoveries in Australia. 2 vols., London, 1846, 8o.
57. Taplin, G., Folklore, Manners, Customs and Language of the South Australian Aborigines. Adelaide, 1878, 8o.
58. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide, 1878 etc., 8o.
59. van Gennep, A., Mythes et Légendes. Paris, 1906, 8o.
60. West Australian. Perth, 1886 etc., fol.
61. Westermarck, E., History of Human Marriage. 3rd Edition, London, 1901, 8o.
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INDEX TO ABBREVIATIONS.
| Allg. Miss. Zts., 1 Am. Anth., 2 Am. Phil. Soc., 44 Ann. Soc., 3 Aust. Ass. Adv. Sci., 45 Col. Mag., 8 C. T., 54 Ethn. Notes, 35 Fort. Rev., 14 J. A. I., 23 J. R. G. S., 24 J. R. S. N. S. W., 25 J. R. S. Vict., 48 |
Nat. Tr., 54 Nor. Tr., 55 N. Q. Ethn. Bull., 6 N. T., 21 Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 44 Proc. R. G. S. Qn., 46 Proc. R. S. Vict., 48 R. G. S. Qn., 47 Sci. Man, 52 T. R. S. S. A., 58 West. Aust., 60 Zts. vgl. Rechtsw., 64 |
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.
Social organisation. Associations in the lower stages of culture. Consanguinity and Kinship. The Tribe. Kinship groups; totem kins; phratries.
The passage from what is commonly termed savagery through barbarism to civilisation is marked by a change in the character of the associations which are almost everywhere a feature of human society. In the lower stages of culture, save among peoples whose organisation has perished under the pressure of foreign invasion or other external influences, man is found grouped into totem kins, intermarrying classes and similar organised bodies, and one of their most important characteristics is that membership of them depends on birth, not on the choice of the individual. In modern society, on the other hand, associations of this sort have entirely disappeared and man is grouped in voluntary societies, membership of which depends on his own choice.
It is true that the family, which exists in the lower stages of culture, though it is overshadowed by the other social phenomena, has persisted through all the manifold revolutions of society; especially in the stage of barbarism, its importance in some directions, such as the regulation of marriage, often forbidden within limits of consanguinity much wider than among ourselves, approaches the influence of the forms of natal association which it had supplanted. In the present day, however, if we set aside its economic and steadily diminishing ethical sides, it cannot be compared in importance with the territorial groupings on which state and municipal activities depend.
If the family is a persistent type the tribe may also be compared to the modern state; it is, in most parts of the world, no less