suppose the high priest of Mexico had taken it into his head to give Spain to Montezuma, would his grant have been good?

Cortez.—These are questions of casuistry which it is not the business of a soldier to decide.  We leave that to gownsmen.  But pray, Mr. Penn, what right had you to the province you settled?

Penn.—An honest right of fair purchase.  We gave the native savages some things they wanted, and they in return gave us lands they did not want.  All was amicably agreed on, not a drop of blood shed to stain our acquisition.

Cortez.—I am afraid there was a little fraud in the purchase.  Thy followers, William Penn, are said to think cheating in a quiet and sober way no mortal sin.

Penn.—The saints are always calumniated by the ungodly.  But it was a sight which an angel might contemplate with delight to behold the colony I settled!  To see us living with the Indians like innocent lambs, and taming the ferocity of their barbarous manners by the gentleness of ours!  To see the whole country, which before was an uncultivated wilderness, rendered as fertile and fair as the garden of God!  O Fernando Cortez, Fernando Cortez! didst thou leave the great empire of Mexico in that state?  No, thou hadst turned those delightful and populous regions into a desert—a desert flooded with blood.  Dost thou not remember that most infernal scene when the noble Emperor Guatimozin was stretched out by thy soldiers upon hot burning coals to make him discover into what part of the lake of Mexico he had thrown the royal treasures?  Are not his groans ever sounding in the ears of thy conscience?  Do not they rend thy hard heart, and strike thee with more horror than the yells of the furies?

Cortez.—Alas!  I was not present when that dire act was done.  Had I been there I would have forbidden it.  My nature was mild.

Penn.—Thou wast the captain of that band of robbers who did this horrid deed.  The advantage they had drawn from thy counsels and conduct enabled them to commit it; and thy skill saved them afterwards from the vengeance that was due to so enormous a crime.  The enraged Mexicans would have properly punished them for it, if they had not had thee for their general, thou lieutenant of Satan.

Cortez.—The saints I find can rail, William Penn.  But how do you hope to preserve this admirable colony which you have settled?  Your people, you tell me, live like innocent lambs.  Are there no wolves in North America to devour those lambs?  But if the Americans should continue in perpetual peace with all your successors there, the French will not.  Are the inhabitants of Pennsylvania to make war against them with prayers and preaching?  If so, that garden of God which you say you have planted will undoubtedly be their prey, and they will take from you your property, your laws, and your religion.

Penn.—The Lord’s will be done.  The Lord will defend us against the rage of our enemies if it be His good pleasure.

Cortez.—Is this the wisdom of a great legislator?  I have heard some of your countrymen compare you to Solon.  Did Solon, think you, give laws to a people, and leave those laws and that people at the mercy of every invader?  The first business of legislature is to provide a military strength that may defend the whole system.  If a house is built in a land of robbers, without a gate to shut or a bolt or bar to secure it, what avails it how well-proportioned or how commodious the architecture of it may be?  Is it richly furnished within? the more it will tempt the hands of violence and of rapine to seize its wealth.  The world, William Penn, is all a land of robbers.  Any state or commonwealth erected therein must be well fenced and secured by good military institutions; or, the happier it is in all other respects, the greater will be its danger, the more speedy its destruction.  Perhaps the neighbouring English colonies may for a while protect yours; but that precarious security cannot always preserve you.  Your plan of government must be changed, or your colony will be lost.  What I have said is also applicable to Great Britain itself.  If an increase of its wealth be not accompanied with an increase of its force that wealth will become

the prey of some of the neighbouring nations, in which the martial spirit is more prevalent than the commercial.  And whatever praise may be due to its civil institutions, if they are not guarded by a wise system of military policy, they will be found of no value, being unable to prevent their own dissolution.

Penn.—These are suggestions of human wisdom.  The doctrines I held were inspired; they came from above.

Cortez.—It is blasphemy to say that any folly could come from the Fountain of Wisdom.  Whatever is inconsistent with the great laws of Nature and with the necessary state of human society cannot possibly have been inspired by God.  Self-defence is as necessary to nations as to men.  And shall particulars have a right which nations have not?  True religion, William Penn, is the perfection of reason; fanaticism is the disgrace, the destruction of reason.

Penn.—Though what thou sayest should be true, it does not come well from thy mouth.  A Papist talk of reason!  Go to the Inquisition and tell them of reason and the great laws of Nature.  They will broil thee, as thy soldiers broiled the unhappy Guatimozin.  Why dost thou turn pale?  Is it the name of the Inquisition, or the name of Guatimozin, that troubles and affrights thee?  O wretched man! who madest thyself a voluntary instrument to carry into a new-discovered world that hellish tribunal?  Tremble and shake when thou thinkest that every murder the Inquisitors have committed, every torture they have inflicted on the innocent Indians, is originally owing to thee.  Thou must answer to God for all their inhumanity, for all their injustice.  What wouldst thou give to part with the renown of thy conquests, and to have a conscience as pure and undisturbed as mine?

Cortez.—I feel the force of thy words; they pierce me like daggers.  I can never, never be happy, while I retain any memory of the ills I have caused.  Yet I thought I did right.  I thought I laboured to advance the glory of God

and propagate, in the remotest parts of the earth, His holy religion.  He will be merciful to well designing and pious error.  Thou also wilt have need of that gracious indulgence, though not, I own, so much as I.