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قراءة كتاب History Of Ancient Civilization
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HISTORY OF
ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
BY
CHARLES SEIGNOBOS
DOCTOR OF LETTERS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS
LONDON
T. FISHER UNWIN
ADELPHI TERRACE
MCMVII
(All rights reserved)
EDITOR'S NOTE
In preparing this volume, the Editor has used both the three-volume edition and the two-volume edition of the "Histoire de la Civilisation." He has usually preferred the order of topics of the two-volume edition, but has supplemented the material therein with other matter drawn from the three-volume edition.
A few corrections to the text have been given in foot-notes. These notes are always clearly distinguished from the elucidations of the author.
A.H.W.
CONTENTS
Prehistoric Times. Prehistoric archæology — Prehistoric remains; their antiquity — Prehistoric science — The four ages.
The Rough Stone Age. Remains found in the gravels — The cave-men.
The Polished Stone Age. Lake-villages — Megalithic monuments.
The Bronze Age. Bronze — Bronze objects.
The Iron Age. Iron — Iron weapons — Epochs of the Iron Age.
Conclusions: How the four ages are to be conceived; uncertainties; solved questions.
History and the Documents. History — Legends — History in general — Great divisions of history — Ancient history — Modern history — The Middle Ages.
Sources for the History of Ancient Civilizations. Books — Monuments — Inscriptions — Languages — Lacunæ.
Races and Peoples. Anthropology — The races — Civilized peoples — Aryans and Semites.
The Egyptians. Egypt — The country — The Nile — Fertility of the soil — The accounts of Herodotus — Champollion — Egyptologists — Discoveries.
The Egyptian Empire. Antiquity of the Egyptian people — Memphis and the pyramids — Egyptian civilization — Thebes — The Pharaoh — The subjects — Despotism — Isolation of the Egyptians.
Religion of the Egyptians. The gods — Osiris — Ammon-râ — Gods with animal heads — Sacred animals — The bull Apis — Worship of the dead — Judgment of the soul — Mummies — Book of the Dead — The arts — Industry — Architecture— Tombs— Temples— Sculpture— Painting— Literature — Destinies of the Egyptian civilization.
The Assyrians and Babylonians. Chaldea — The land — The people — The cities.
The Assyrians — Assyria — Origins — Ancient accounts — Modern discoveries — Inscriptions on bricks — Cuneiform writing — The Assyrian people — The king — Fall of the Assyrian Empire.
The Babylonians. The second Chaldean empire — Babylon — The Tower of Babylon.
Customs and Religion. Customs — Religion — The gods — Astrology — Sorcery — The sciences.
The Arts. Architecture — Palaces — Sculpture.
The Aryans of India. The Aryans — Aryan languages — The Aryan people.
Primitive Religion of the Hindoos. The Aryans on the Indus — The Vedas — The gods — Indra — Agni — The cult — Worship of ancestors.
Brahmanic Society. The Hindoos on the Ganges — Castes — The Impure — The Brahmans — The new religion of Brahma — Transmigration of souls — Character of this religion — The rites — Purity — Penances — The monks.
Buddhism. Buddha — Nirvana — Charity — Fraternity — Tolerance — Later history of Buddhism — Changes in Buddhism — Buddha transformed into a god — Mechanical prayer — Amelioration of manners.
The Persians. The religion of Zoroaster — Iran — The Iranians — Zoroaster — The Zend-Avesta — Ormuzd and Ahriman — Angels and demons — Creatures of Ormuzd and Ahriman — The cult — Morality — Funerals — Destiny of the soul — Character of Mazdeism.
The Persian Empire. The Medes — The Persians — Cyrus — The inscription of Behistun — The Persian empire — The satrapies — Revenues of the empire — The Great King — Services rendered by the Persians — Susa and Persepolis — Persian architecture.
The Phœnicians. The Phœnician people — The land — The cities — Phœnician ruins — Organization of the Phœnician — Tyre — Carthage — Carthaginian army — The Carthaginians — The Phœnician religion.
Phœnician Commerce. Occupations of the Phœnicians — Caravans — Marine commerce — Commodities — Secret kept by the Phœnicians — Colonies — Influence of the Phœnicians — The alphabet.
The Hebrews. Origin of the Hebrew people — The Bible — The Hebrews — The patriarchs — The Israelites — The call of Moses — Israel in the desert — The Promised Land.
The Religion of Israel. One God — The people of God — The covenant — The Ten Commandments — The Law — Religion constituted