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§7. Analysis of the Uniformity of Nature, considered as the formal ground of all reasoning 169 §8. Grounds of our belief in Uniformity 173   CHAPTER XIV CAUSATION §1. The most important aspect of Uniformity in relation to Induction is Causation 174 §2. Definition of "Cause" explained: five marks of Causation 175 §3. How strictly the conception of Cause can be applied depends upon the subject under investigation 183 §4. Scientific conception of Effect. Plurality of Causes 185 §5. Some condition, but not the whole cause, may long precede the Effect; and some co-effect, but not the whole effect, may long survive the Cause 187 §6. Mechanical Causes and the homogeneous Intermixture of Effects; Chemical Causes and the heteropathic Intermixture of Effects 188 §7. Tendency, Resultant, Counteraction, Elimination, Resolution, Analysis, Reciprocity 189   CHAPTER XV INDUCTIVE METHOD §1. Outline of Inductive investigation 192 §2. Induction defined 196 §3. "Perfect Induction" 196 §4. Imperfect Induction methodical or immethodical 197 §5. Observation and Experiment, the material ground of Induction, compared 198 §6. The principle of Causation is the formal ground of Induction 201 §7. The Inductive Canons are derived from the principle of Causation, the more readily to detect it in facts observed 202   CHAPTER XVI THE CANONS OF DIRECT INDUCTION §1. The Canon of Agreement 206 Negative Instances (p. 208); Plurality of Causes (p. 208) Agreement may show connection without direct Causation (p. 209) §2. The Canon of Agreement in Presence and in Absence 212 It tends to disprove a Plurality of Causes (p. 213) §3. The Canon of Difference 216 May be applied to observations (p. 221) §4. The Canon of Variations 222 How related to Agreement and Difference (p. 222); The Graphic Method (p. 227); Critical points (p. 230); Progressive effects (p. 231); Gradations (p. 231) §5. The Canon of Residues 232   CHAPTER XVII COMBINATION OF INDUCTION WITH DEDUCTION §1. Deductive character of Formal Induction 236 §2. Further complication of Deduction with Induction 238 §3. The Direct Deductive (or Physical) Method 240 §4. Opportunities of Error in the Physical Method 243 §5. The Inverse Deductive (or Historical) Method 246 §6. Precautions in using the Historical Method 251 §7. The Comparative Method 255 §8. Historical Evidence