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قراءة كتاب Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Final Report of Special Committee on Rail Sections, Paper No. 1177
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Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. LXX, Dec. 1910 Final Report of Special Committee on Rail Sections, Paper No. 1177
id="Page_460" class="x-ebookmaker-pageno" title="[460]"/> section, showing that the quality of the rail does not depend entirely upon the section.
"The tests to be inaugurated by the Committee, combined with the results of the tests at Watertown and the performance of the rail in the track, will give us valuable data to aid us in coming to a final conclusion."
A careful study of the results already obtained, on both Bessemer and open-hearth steel rails, indicates that the next necessary step will be the use of a much heavier rail, and I think the sooner this is admitted and trial lots of say 1,000 tons each of 110-lb., 120-lb. and 130-lb. rails rolled, of Bessemer and open-hearth steel, and put in service under the most severe conditions, the sooner we will get rid of the present difficulties with our rails.
Wm. R. Webster.
"Specifications for Steel Rails.[E]
"1. The entire process of manufacture shall be in accordance with the best current state of the art.
"(a) Ingots shall be kept in a vertical position until ready to be rolled, or until the metal in the interior has had time to solidify.
"(b) Bled ingots shall not be used.
"2. The chemical composition of the steel from which the rails are rolled shall be within the following limits:
| Bessemer. | Open-Hearth. | |||
| 70 lbs. and over, but under 85 lbs. | 85 to 100 lbs. inclusive. | 70 lbs. and over, but under 85 lbs. | 85 to 100 lbs. inclusive. | |
| Carbon | 0.40 to 0.50 | 0.45 to 0.55 | 0.53 to 0.66 | 0.63 to 0.76 |
| Manganese | 0.80 to 1.10 | 0.80 to 1.10 | 0.70 to 1.00 | 0.70 to 1.00 |
| Silicon | 0.07 to 0.20 | 0.07 to 0.20 | 0.07 to 0.20 | 0.07 to 0.20 |
| Phosphorus, not to exceed | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| Sulphur, not to exceed | 0.075 | 0.075 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
"3. When the average phosphorus content of the ingot metal used in the Bessemer Process at any mill is below 0.08 and in the Open-Hearth Process is below 0.03, the carbon shall be increased at the rate of 0.035 for each 0.01 that the phosphorus content of the ingot metal used averages below 0.08 for Bessemer steel, or 0.03 for Open-Hearth steel.
"The percentage of carbon in an entire order of rails shall average as high as the mean percentage between the upper and lower limits.
"4. The end of the bloom formed from the top of the ingot shall be sheared until the entire face shows sound metal.
"All metal from the top of the ingot, whether made from the bloom