factories roll so neatly into balls.  And this is repeated all over the surface of the work, for the Spider shifts her position a little at every moment.

At fairly frequent intervals, the tip of the abdomen is lifted to the mouth of the balloon; and then the spinnerets really touch the fringed edge.  The length of contact is even considerable.  We find, therefore, that the thread is stuck in this star-shaped fringe, the foundation of the building and the crux of the whole, while every elsewhere it is simply laid on, in a manner determined by the movements of the hind-legs.  If we wished to unwind the work, the thread would break at the margin; at any other point, it would unroll.

The Epeira ends her web with a dead-white, angular flourish; she ends her nest with brown mouldings, which run down, irregularly, from the marginal junction to the bulging middle.  For this purpose, she makes use, for the third time, of a different silk; she now produces silk of a dark hue, varying from russet to black.  The spinnerets distribute the material with a wide longitudinal swing, from pole to pole; and the hind-legs apply it in capricious ribbons.  When this is done, the work is finished.  The Spider moves away with slow strides, without giving a glance at the bag.  The rest does not interest her: time and the sun will see to it.

She felt her hour at hand and came down from her web.  Near by, in the rank grass, she wove the tabernacle of her offspring and, in so doing, drained her resources.  To resume her hunting-post, to return to her web would be useless to her: she has not the wherewithal to bind the prey.  Besides, the fine appetite of former days has gone.  Withered and languid, she drags out her existence for a few days and, at last, dies.  This is how things happen in my cages; this is how they must happen in the brushwood.

The Silky Epeira (Epeira sericea, OLIV.) excels the Banded Epeira in the manufacture of big hunting-nets, but she is less gifted in the art of nest-building.  She gives her nest the inelegant form of an obtuse cone.  The opening of this pocket is very wide and is scalloped into lobes by which the edifice is slung.  It is closed with a large lid, half satin, half swan’s-down.  The rest is a stout white fabric, frequently covered with irregular brown streaks.

The difference between the work of the two Epeirae does not extend beyond the wrapper, which is an obtuse cone in the one case and a balloon in the other.  The same internal arrangements prevail behind this frontage: first, a flossy quilt; next, a little keg in which the eggs are packed.  Though the two Spiders build the outer wall according to special architectural rules, they both employ the same means as a protection against the cold.

As we see, the egg-bag of the Epeirae, particularly that of the Banded Epeira, is an important and complex work.  Various materials enter into its composition: white silk, red silk, brown silk; moreover, these materials are worked into dissimilar products: stout cloth, soft eiderdown, dainty satinette, porous felt.  And all of this comes from the same workshop that weaves the hunting-net, warps the zigzag ribbon-band and casts an entangling shroud over the prey.

What a wonderful silk-factory it is!  With a very simple and never-varying plant, consisting of the hind-legs and the spinnerets, it produces, by turns, rope-maker’s, spinner’s, weaver’s, ribbon-maker’s and fuller’s work.  How does the Spider direct an establishment of this kind?  How does she obtain, at will, skeins of diverse hues and grades?  How does she turn them out, first in this fashion, then in that?  I see the results, but I do not understand the machinery and still less the process.  It beats me altogether.

The Spider also sometimes loses her head in her difficult trade, when some trouble disturbs the peace of her nocturnal labours.  I do not provoke this trouble myself, for I am not present at those unseasonable hours.  It is simply due to the conditions prevailing in my menagerie.

In their natural state, the Epeirae settle separately, at long distances from one another.  Each has her own hunting-grounds, where there is no reason to fear the competition that would result from the close proximity of the nets.  In my cages, on the other hand, there is cohabitation.  In order to save space, I lodge two or three Epeirae in the same cage.  My easy-going captives live together in peace.  There is no strife between them, no encroaching on the neighbour’s property.  Each of them weaves herself a rudimentary web, as far from the rest as possible, and here, rapt in contemplation, as though indifferent to what the others are doing, she awaits the hop of the Locust.

Nevertheless, these close quarters have their drawbacks when laying-time arrives.  The cords by which the different establishments are hung interlace and criss-cross in a confused network.  When one of them shakes, all the others are more or less affected.  This is enough to distract the layer from her business and to make her do silly things.  Here are two instances.

A bag has been woven during the night.  I find it, when I visit the cage in the morning, hanging from the trellis-work and completed.  It is perfect, as regards structure; it is decorated with the regulation black meridian curves.  There is nothing missing, nothing except the essential thing, the eggs, for which the spinstress has gone to such expense in the matter of silks.  Where are the eggs?  They are not in the bag, which I open and find empty.  They are lying on the ground below, on the sand in the pan, utterly unprotected.

Disturbed at the moment of discharging them, the mother has missed the mouth of the little bag and dropped them on the floor.  Perhaps even, in her excitement, she came down from above and, compelled by the exigencies of the ovaries, laid her eggs on the first support that offered.  No matter: if her Spider brain contains the least gleam of sense, she must be aware of the disaster and is therefore bound at once to abandon the elaborate manufacture of a now superfluous nest.

Not at all: the bag is woven around nothing, as accurate in shape, as finished in structure as under normal conditions.  The absurd perseverance displayed by certain Bees, whose egg and provisions I used to remove, {20} is here repeated without the slightest interference from me.  My victims used scrupulously to seal up their empty cells.  In the same way, the Epeira puts the eiderdown quilting and the taffeta wrapper round a capsule that contains nothing.

Another, distracted from her work by some startling vibration, leaves her nest at the moment when the layer of red-brown wadding is being completed.  She flees to the dome, at a few inches above her unfinished work, and spends upon a shapeless mattress, of no use whatever, all the silk with which she would have woven the outer wrapper if nothing had come to disturb her.

Poor fool!  You upholster the wires of your cage with swan’s-down and you leave the eggs imperfectly protected.  The absence of the work already executed and the hardness of the metal do not warn you that you are now engaged upon a senseless task.  You remind me of the Pelopaeus, {21} who used to coat with mud the place on the wall whence her nest had been removed.  You speak to me, in your own fashion, of a strange psychology which is able to reconcile the wonders of a master craftsmanship with aberrations due to unfathomable stupidity.

Let us compare the work of the Banded Epeira with that of the Penduline Titmouse, the cleverest of our small birds in the art of nest-building.  This Tit haunts the osier-beds of the