Saltney and Sealand.  To provide for the spiritual wants of so large a district, four daughter churches have been built—viz.: S. Matthew’s, Buckley, [35a] in 1822, S. Mary’s, Broughton, [35b] in 1824, S. Johns, Penymynydd, [35c] in 1843, and S. Bartholomew’s, Sealand, in 1867.  The work of the Parish Church is now further supplemented by three new School-chapels at Shotton, Sandycroft and Ewloe.  The chief portion of Saltney, and the district of Buckley, have been recently separated from Hawarden for ecclesiastical purposes.

The Rector of Hawarden has also to provide for the management and support of eight National Schools, involving

an annual expenditure of £1460.  The requirements of the Education Act of 1870 involved an outlay of £4300 raised entirely from local sources.

The patronage of the living is vested in the Lord of the Manor. [36]  The Rev. S. E. Gladstone, the present Rector, was appointed by the late Sir Stephen Glynne in 1872.

The Grammar School is finely situated, near the Church, and has accommodation for 50 scholars, inclusive of 20 boarders.  The income from endowment is £24.

The temporary building adjoining contains a portion of the Library of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone.

The land about Hawarden varies much in quality.  The best lies towards the river and on Saltney, where are large and well cultivated farms.  On the higher ground in Pentrobin the soil is poorer; here however are found holdings that have remained in the same family for generations.  The land is mainly arable; but little cheese being now made.

About one mile and a half from Hawarden on the road to Northop, lie ensconced in a wood the scant remains of the old Castle of Ewloe—the scene of a battle between the English and Welsh in 1157, in which the former were defeated by David and Conan, sons of Owen Gwynedd.

The district is rich in beds of coal and clay.  The former have been worked from an early period when the coal was mostly sent to Chester; but the difficulties of carriage before the turnpike road was made, and especially of draining the mines, which before steam-engines came into use was attempted to be done by means of

levels, [37] were a serious impediment to that development which under more favourable conditions has since taken place.

Formerly the only means of getting the minerals of the district away, was a horse tramway from Buckley to Queensferry.  In 1862 however was opened the Wrexham and Connah’s Quay Railway,—Mrs. Gladstone cutting the first sod, and an address from the Corporation of Wrexham being at the same time presented to Mr. Gladstone, then Chancellor of the Exchequer.  This line is now carried through Hawarden, and, when connected with Birkenhead and Liverpool by the Mersey Tunnel, now happily completed, is destined in all probability to become one of importance beyond the limits of the immediate district.

Clay has been extensively worked in Buckley, where the Messrs. Hancock’s famous fire-brick is made.  Mention may also be made of the white bricks made by the Aston Hall Coal and Brick Company, which are in great favour with builders on account of their powers of resisting the weather and of retaining their colour.  A clay, resembling terra cotta when burnt, has also been found on Saltney.

At Sandycroft, on the river bank, are the Ironworks belonging to Messrs. Taylor, where mining and other machinery is made.

The present course of the River below Chester, is called the New Cut, and was completed under Act of Parliament, in 1737, by the River Dee Company, who have lately handed over their interest in the River to a newly formed Conservancy Board.  The River, which before wandered over a large tract, was thus confined to the present channel, and a large reclamation of land effected.  In compensation for the loss of rights of pasturage, £200 is paid yearly by the Company to Trustees for the benefit of the Freeholders of the Manor of Hawarden; £50 is also paid yearly for the repair of the south bank.  This was followed by the inclosure of Saltney Marsh, in 1778.

Possessing as it does a greater depth of water over the bar than the Mersey, and provided with ample railway communication with the great industrial centres, it is probable that the Dee may ere long become a far more important river as a vehicle of commerce than heretofore.  Of still more importance to Hawarden is the establishment of direct communication with Liverpool already referred to, in place of the present circuitous route by Chester and Runcorn.  By the new Swing Railway Bridge across the Dee, direct access will be given to Birkenhead and Liverpool by the Mersey Tunnel across the Wirral; such communication will not only stimulate and develop to the utmost the natural resources of the district, but will offer residential facilities, beneficial, as it may be hoped, alike to town and country.

phillipson and golder, printers, chester.