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قراءة كتاب The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told
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The Outline of Science, Vol. 1 (of 4) A Plain Story Simply Told
THE
OUTLINE OF SCIENCE
A PLAIN STORY SIMPLY TOLD
EDITED BY
J. ARTHUR THOMSON
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE
UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN
WITH OVER 800 ILLUSTRATIONS
OF WHICH ABOUT 40 ARE IN COLOUR
IN FOUR VOLUMES
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
NEW YORK AND LONDON
The Knickerbocker press
Copyright, 1922
by
G. P. Putnam's Sons
First Printing April, 1922
Second Printing April, 1922
Third Printing April, 1922
Fourth Printing April, 1922
Fifth Printing June, 1922
Sixth Printing June, 1922
Seventh Printing June, 1922
Eighth Printing June, 1922
Ninth Printing August, 1922
Tenth Printing September, 1922
Eleventh Printing Sept., 1922
Twelfth Printing, May, 1924
Made in the United States of America
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
By Professor J. Arthur Thomson
Was it not the great philosopher and mathematician Leibnitz who said that the more knowledge advances the more it becomes possible to condense it into little books? Now this "Outline of Science" is certainly not a little book, and yet it illustrates part of the meaning of Leibnitz's wise saying. For here within reasonable compass there is a library of little books—an outline of many sciences.
It will be profitable to the student in proportion to the discrimination with which it is used. For it is not in the least meant to be of the nature of an Encyclopædia, giving condensed and comprehensive articles with a big full stop at the end of each. Nor is it a collection of "primers," beginning at the very beginning of each subject and working methodically onwards. That is not the idea.
What then is the aim of this book? It is to give the intelligent student-citizen, otherwise called "the man in the street," a bunch of intellectual keys by which to open doors which have been hitherto shut to him, partly because he got no glimpse of the treasures behind the doors, and partly because the portals were made forbidding by an unnecessary display of technicalities. Laying aside conventional modes of treatment and seeking rather to open up the subject as one might on a walk with a friend, the work offers the student what might be called informal introductions to the various departments of knowledge. To put it in another way, the articles are meant to be clues which the reader may follow till he has left his starting point very far behind. Perhaps when he has gone far on his own he will not be ungrateful to the simple book of "instructions to travellers" which this "Outline of Science" is intended to be. The simple "bibliographies" appended to the various articles will be enough to indicate "first books." Each article is meant to be an invitation to an intellectual adventure, and the short lists of books are merely finger-posts for the beginning of the journey.
We confess to being greatly encouraged by the reception that has been given to the English serial issue of "The Outline of Science." It has been very hearty—we might almost say enthusiastic. For we agree with Professor John Dewey, that "the future of our civilisation depends upon the widening spread and deepening hold of the scientific habit of mind." And we hope that this is what "The Outline of Science" makes for. Information is all to the good; interesting information is better still; but best of all is the education of the scientific habit of mind. Another modern philosopher, Professor L. T. Hobhouse, has declared that the evolutionist's mundane goal is "the mastery by the human mind of the conditions, internal as well as external, of its life and growth." Under the influence of this conviction "The Outline of Science" has been written. For life is not for science, but science for life. And even more than science, to our way of thinking, is the individual development of the scientific way of looking at things. Science is our legacy; we must use it if it is to be our very own.
CONTENTS
| Introduction | 3 | |
| I. | The Romance of the Heavens | 7 |
| The scale of the universe—The solar system—Regions of the sun—The surface of the sun—Measuring the speed of light—Is the sun dying?—The planets—Venus—Is there life on Mars?—Jupiter and Saturn—The moon—The mountains of the moon—Meteors and comets—Millions of meteorites—A great comet—The stellar universe—The evolution of stars—The age of stars—The nebular theory—Spiral nebulæ—The birth and death of stars—The shape of our universe—Astronomical instruments. | ||
| II. | The Story of Evolution | 53 |
| The beginning of the earth—Making a home for life—The first living creatures—The first plants—The first animals—Beginnings of bodies—Evolution of sex—Beginning of natural death—Procession of life through the ages—Evolution of land animals—The flying dragons—The first known bird—Evidences of evolution—Factors in evolution. | ||
| III. | Adaptations to Environment | 113 |
| The shore of the sea—The open sea—The deep sea—The fresh waters—The dry land—The air. | ||
| IV. | The Struggle for Existence | 135 |
| Animal and bird mimicry and disguise—Other kinds of elusiveness. | ||
| V. | The Ascent of Man | 153 |
| Anatomical proof of man's relationship with a Simian stock—Physiological proof—Embryological proof—Man's pedigree—Man's arboreal apprenticeship—Tentative men—Primitive men—Races of mankind—Steps in human evolution—Factors in human progress. | ||
| VI. | Evolution Going on | 183 |
| Evolutionary prospect for man—The fountain of change; variability—Evolution of plants—Romance of wheat—Changes in animal life—Story of the salmon—Forming new habits—Experiments in locomotion; new devices. | ||
| VII. | The Dawn of Mind | 205 |
| A caution in regard to instinct—A useful law—Senses of fishes—The mind of a minnow—The mind and senses of amphibians—The reptilian mind—Mind in birds—Intelligence co-operating with instinct—The mind of the mammal—Instinctive aptitudes—Power of association—Why is there not more intelligence?—The mind of monkeys—Activity for activity's sake—Imitation—The mind of man—Body and mind. | ||
| VIII. | Foundations of the Universe | 243 |
| The world of atoms—The energy of atoms—The discovery of X-rays—The discovery of radium—The discovery of the electron—The electron theory—The structure of the atom—The new view of matter—Other new views—The nature of electricity—Electric current—The dynamo—Magnetism—Ether and waves—Light—What the blue "sky" means—Light without heat—Forms of energy—What heat is—Substitutes for coal—Dissipation of energy—What a uniform temperature would mean—Matter, ether, and Einstein—The tides—Origin of the moon—The earth slowing down—The day becoming longer. |
ILLUSTRATIONS
| FACING | |
| PAGE | |
| The Great Scarlet Solar Prominences, Which are Such a Notable Feature of the Solar Phenomena, are Immense Outbursts of Flaming Hydrogen Rising Sometimes to a Height of 500,000 Miles | Coloured Frontispiece |
| Laplace | 10 |
| Professor J. C. Adams | 10 |
| Photo: Royal Astronomical Society. | |
| Professor Eddington of Cambridge University | 10 |
| Photo: Elliot & Fry, Ltd. | |
| The Planets, Showing their Relative Distances and Dimensions | 11 |
| The Milky Way | 14 |
| Photo: Harvard College Observatory. | |
| The Moon Entering the Shadow Cast by the Earth | 14 |
| The Great Nebula in Andromeda, Messier 31 | 15 |
| From a photograph taken at the Yerkes Observatory. | |
| Diagram Showing the Main Layers of the Sun | 18 |
| Solar Prominences Seen at Total Solar Eclipse, May 29, 1919. Taken at Sobral, Brazil | 18 |
| Photo: Royal Observatory, Greenwich. | |
| The Visible Surface of the Sun | 19 |
| Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory. | |
| The Sun Photographed in the Light of Glowing Hydrogen | 19 |
| Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory. | |
| The Aurora Borealis (Coloured Illustration) | 20 |
| Reproduced from The Forces of Nature (Messrs. Macmillan) | |
| The Great Sun-Spot of July 17, 1905 | 22 |
| Yerkes Observatory. | |
| Solar Prominences | 22 |
| From photographs taken at the Yerkes Observatory. | |
| Mars, October 5, 1909 | 23 |
| Photo: Mount Wilson Observatory. | |
| Jupiter | 23 |
| Saturn, November 19, 1911 | 23 |
| Photo: Professor E. E. Barnard, Yerkes Observatory. | |
| The Spectroscope, an Instrument for Analysing |