[25] Texts of the Vedas to be recited on solemn occasions. See analogous passage, Manu ch. 2, sl. 16.

[26] So we supply the hiatus in the text, in conformity with the opinion of the Commentator. Manu makes no allusion to the alternative, ch. 2, sl. 36.

[27] Induction into the character and privileges of his cast, by means of the sacred thread.

[28] who, being Kshattriyas, here represent the cast.

[29] at mid-day. (M.)

[30] Manu ch. 7, sl. 216.

[31] ibid, 201 et seq.

[32] ibid, 13, 41.

[33] Manu ch. 8, sl. 306.

[34] The Commentator explains the general expression here used by the word haituka, of which one meaning is that given in the text, but it also signifies, those who do not believe in the Vedas.

[35] retti or gunja, a shrub bearing a small red and black berry. Wilson.

[36] A sort of kidney bean, phasealus radiatus. Wilson.

[37] About 176 grains Troy weight. Wilson.

[38] Manu says four.

[39] These tables of weight, as further explained by the Commentator, may be given thus:

3 Atoms = 1 Mote.

8 Motes = 1 Poppy seed or a nit.

3 Poppy seeds or 3 nits = 1 Black mustard seed.

3 Black mustard seeds = 1 White mustard seed.

3 White mustard seeds = 1 Barley corn.

3 Barley corns = 1 Krishṇala.

Gold.

5 Krishṇalas = 1 Másha.

16 Máshas = 1 Suvarṇa.

4 Suvarṇas = 1 Pala.

Silver.

2 Krishṇalas = 1 Másha.

16 Máshas = 1 Dharaṇa.

10 Dharaṇas = 1 Pala or Śatamána.

4 Suvarṇas = 1 Nishka.

Copper.

4 Karshas = 1 Pala.

1 Paṇa = 1 Karsha i. e. 1/4 Pala.

They by no means satisfactorily define the intrinsic weight and signification of the Paṇa, which, as the measure of pecuniary penalty, would seem to be the chief if not sole object of their introduction.

In the corresponding slokas of Manu, ten Palas are said to be equivalent to one Dharaṇa. We can only reconcile this by supposing Manu to refer to a gold Pala and Yájnavalkya to a silver Pala.

[40] The Commentator remarks, that this includes every kind of corporal punishment.

[41] Manu, ch. 8, sl. 129, 130.

[42] ibid, sl. 126, also ch. 7, sl. 16. In the last passage, Sir Wm. Jones has added to the term, strength, his own; this we consider to be an error, at any rate it is not a mere translation, and we have applied the term used, viz. strength simpliciter, differently.