and Sulu Moros join forces. Extermination impossible. 137

Chapter XI

Domesticated Natives—Origin—Character

• Theory concerning the first inhabitants of these Islands. 163
• Their advent before the Spanish Conquest. 165
• Japanese and Chinese early immigrants. 166
• Native character; idiosyncracies and characteristics. 167
• Notion of sleep. “Castila!”. 169
• Tagálog and Visayo hospitality. The nativeʼs good qualities. 172
• Native aversion to discipline; bravery; resignation; geniality. 175
• Mixed races. Native physiognomy; marriages; minorsʼ rights. 176
• Family names. The Catapúsan. 179
• Dancing; the Balitao; the Comitan. The Asuan. 180
• Mixed marriages. The Half-caste (Mestizo). 181
• The Shrines and Saints. The Holy Child of Cebú. St. Francis of Tears. 183
• Our Lady of Cagsaysay. The Virgin of Antipolo. 184
• Miraculous Saints. Santones. Native Conception of Religion. 187
• Musical talent. Slavery. Education in Spanish times. 190
• The Intellectuals. The Illiterates. State aid for Schools. 192
• The Athenæum. Girlsʼ Colleges. St. Thomasʼ University. 194
• The Nautical School. The provincial student. Talented natives. 195
• Diseases. Leprosy. Insanity. Death-rate. Sanitation. 197

Chapter XII

The Religious Orders

• Their early co-operation a necessity. 199
• Their power and influence. 200
• Opinions for and against that power. 201
• The Spanish parish priest. Father Piernavieja. 202
• Virtueless friars. Monastic persecution. 204
• The Hierarchy. The Orders. Church revenues and State aid. 206
• Rivalry of Religious Orders. Papal intervention to ensure peace. 209

Chapter XIII

Spanish Insular Government

• The Encomiendas. The Trading-Governors. 211
• The Judge-Governors (Alcálde Máyor). The Reforms of 1886. 213
• Cost of Spanish Insular Government. The Provincial Civil Governorʼs duties. 214
• The position of Provincial Civil Governor. Local Funds. Provincial poverty. 216
• Highways and Public Works. Cause of national decay. 218
• Fortunes made easily. Peculations. Town Local Government. 220
• The Gobernadorcillo (petty-governor). The Cabeza de Barangay (Tax-collector). 222
• The Cuadrillero (guard). The Fallas (tax). The Cédula personal. 224
• The Tribunal (town hall). Reforms affecting travellers. 225

Chapter XIV

Spanish-Philippine Finances

• Philippine budgets. Curious items of revenue and expenditure. 227
• Spanish-Philippine army, police, and constabulary statistics. 230
• The armed forces in the olden times. 232
• Spanish-Philippine navy and judicial statistics. 233
• Prison statistics. Brigandage. The brigandsʼ superstition. 235
• A chase for brigands. The anting-anting. Pirates. 237
• The notorious Tancad. Dilatory justice. A cause célèbre. 239
• Spanish-Philippine Criminal Law procedure. 241

Chapter XV

Trade of the Islands from Early Times

• Its early history. Its State galleons. 243
• The Consulado merchants. The Mexican subsidy. 244
• In the days of the Mexican galleons. The Obras Pias. 245
• Losses of the treasure-laden galleons. Trade difficulties. 246
• The period of restrictions on trade. Prohibitory decrees. 248
• The Manila merchants alarmed; appeal to the King. 249
• Penalties on free-traders. Trading friars. The budget for 1757. 250
• Decline of trade. Spanish trading-company failures. 252
• The Real Compañia de Filipinas; its privileges and failure. 253
• The dawn of free trade. Foreign traders admitted. 254
• Manila port, unrestrictedly open to foreigners (1834), becomes known to the world. 256
• Pioneers of foreign trade. Foreign and Philippine banks. 257
• The Spanish-Philippine currency. Mexican-dollar smuggling. 259
• Ports of Zamboanga, Yloilo, Cebú, and Sual opened to foreign trade. 261
• Mail service. Carrying-trade. Middlemen. Native industries. 263
• The first Philippine Railway. Telegraph service. Seclusion of the Colony. 265

Chapter XVI

Agriculture

• Interest on loans to farmers. Land values and tenure in Luzon Island. 269
• Sugar-cane lands and cultivation. Land-measures. 271
• Process of sugar-extraction. Labour conditions on sugar-estates. 273
• Sugar statistics. Worldʼs production of cane and beet sugar. 275
• Rice. Rice-measure. Rice machinery; husking; pearling; statistics. 276
• Macan and Paga rice. Rice planting and trading. 278

Chapter XVII

Manila Hemp—Coffee—Tobacco

• Musa textilis. Extraction and uses of the fibre. Machinery. 281
• Hemp