قراءة كتاب Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin

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Evolution, Old & New
Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck,
as compared with that of Charles Darwin

Evolution, Old & New Or, the Theories of Buffon, Dr. Erasmus Darwin and Lamarck, as compared with that of Charles Darwin

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دار النشر: Project Gutenberg
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Species' is that of 1876, unless another edition be especially named.

The italics throughout the book are generally mine, except in the quotations from Miss Seward, where they are all her own.

I am anxious also to take the present opportunity of acknowledging the obligations I am under to my friend Mr. H. F. Jones, and to other friends (who will not allow me to mention their names, lest more errors should be discovered than they or I yet know of), for the invaluable assistance they have given me while this work was going through the press. If I am able to let it go before the public with any comfort or peace of mind, I owe it entirely to the carefulness of their supervision.

I am also greatly indebted to Mr. Garnett, of the British Museum, for having called my attention to many works and passages of which otherwise I should have known nothing.

March 31, 1879.



CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
Statement of the Question—Current Opinion adverse to Teleology 1
CHAPTER II.
The Teleology of Paley and the Theologians 12
CHAPTER III.
Impotence of Paley's Conclusion—The Teleology of the Evolutionist 24
CHAPTER IV.
Failure of the First Evolutionists to see their Position as Teleological 34
CHAPTER V.
The Teleological Evolution of Organism—The Philosophy of the Unconscious 43

CHAPTER VI.
Scheme of the Remainder of the Work—Historical Sketch of the Theory of Evolution 60
CHAPTER VII.
Pre-Buffonian Evolution, and some German Writers 68
CHAPTER VIII.
Buffon—Memoir 74
CHAPTER IX.
Buffon's Method—The Ironical Character of his Work 78
CHAPTER X.
Supposed Fluctuations of Opinion—Causes or Means of the Transformation of Species 97
CHAPTER XI.
Buffon—Puller Quotations 107
CHAPTER XII.
Sketch of Dr. Erasmus Darwin's Life 173
CHAPTER XIII.
Philosophy of Dr. Erasmus Darwin 195

CHAPTER XIV.
Fuller Quotations from the 'Zoonomia' 214
CHAPTER XV.
Memoir of Lamarck 235
CHAPTER XVI.
General Misconception concerning Lamarck—His Philosophical Position 244
CHAPTER XVII.
Summary of the 'Philosophie Zoologique' 261
CHAPTER XVIII.
Mr. Patrick Matthew, MM. Étienne and Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, and Mr. Herbert Spencer 315
CHAPTER XIX.
Main Points of Agreement and of Difference between the Old and New Theories of Evolution 335
CHAPTER XX.
Natural Selection considered as a Means of

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