perhaps, of the British word “crowll,” meaning cave.  Occasionally they are found adorned with beautiful incrustations of the purest white, formed by springs of carbonate of lime, originating in the rocky walls of limestone around.  Sometimes, after proceeding for a considerable distance closely confined in height and width, they suddenly open out into spacious vaults, fifteen feet each way, the site, probably, of some valuable “pocket” or “churn” of ore; and then again, where the

supply was less abundant, narrowing into a width hardly sufficient to admit the human body.  Now and then, the passage divides and unites again, or abruptly stops, turning off at a sharp angle, or, changing its level, shows rude steps cut in the rock, by which the old miners ascended or descended.

In some of these places, ladders, made out of hewn oak planks, with holes chopped through them for the feet, have been discovered.  Mattocks, such as masons use, have likewise been met with, as well as oak shovels for collecting the ore.  Shoe prints, and even

shoe-leathers have also been found, although the latter are supposed to have been seldom used, judging from the more frequent occurrence of naked foot marks.  Long immersion in the chalybeate water of the mine has blackened the oak, and corroded the iron; nevertheless, these relics are surprisingly perfect.  The new road over the Plump Hill exposed in its formation, in 1841, an ancient mine hole, in which was found a heap of half-consumed embers, and the skull of what appeared, from its tusks, to be that of a wild boar; the remains, perhaps, of a feast given by our Forest ancestors.  Similar vestiges have been met with in other spots.

The earliest historical allusions to these underground works is made by Camden, who records that a gigantic skeleton was found in a cave on the Great Doward Hill, now called “King Arthur’s Hall,”

being evidently the entrance to an ancient iron mine.  The next refers to the period of the great rebellion, when the terrified inhabitants of the district are said to have fled to them for safety, when pursued by the troops with which the Forest was infested.

But, whilst no previous mention of these caverns is to be found, nor dates anywhere inscribed on their rocky walls, a clue, as to when and by whom they were first wrought, is given in connection with their metallic products, that abound near them in the state of iron cinders.  Thus it is recorded by Mr. Wyrrall, in his MS. description of this subject, that—

“Coins, fibulæ, and other things, known to be in use with the Romans, have been frequently found in the beds of cinders at certain places.  This has occurred particularly at the village of Whitchurch, between Ross and Monmouth, where large stacks of cinders have been found, some of them eight or ten feet under the surface, and demonstrating, without other proof, that they must have lain there for a great number of ages.  The writer had opportunities of seeing many of these coins and

fibulæ, &c., which have been picked up by the workmen in getting the cinders, in his time; but especially one coin of Trajan, which he remembers was surprisingly perfect, considering the length of time it must have been in the ground.  Another instance occurs to his recollection of a little image of brass, about four inches long, which was then found in the cinders in the same place, being a very elegant female figure in a dancing attitude, and evidently antique by the drapery.”

Numerous other Roman vestiges, on every side of the Forest, may be adverted to.  No great distance from Whitchurch, and immediately adjoining this neighbourhood on the north, is the site of Ariconium, marked by numerous traces of the hardware manufacture of that people.  Near Lydney and Tidenham, discoveries of Roman relics have been extensively made.  At Lydbrook, and on the Coppet Wood Hill, at Perry Grove, and Crabtree Hill, all within or near the Forest—the last being situated in the middle of it—many coins of Philip, Gallienus, Victorinus, and of Claudius Gothicus, have been brought to light.  We possess indisputable testimony, from Mr. Lower’s researches in the old iron-making parts of Sussex, that the Romans there carried on metallurgical operations at an early period, and we may claim a like antiquity for our Dean Forest workings.  An examination of the cinder-heaps that still occur, especially in the precincts of the mines already described, reveals, beyond doubt, the antecedents of the mineral operations of the neighbourhood.

Considering the extent of the excavations from whence these metallic relics were procured, it is not surprising that these mounds of slag continue to be constantly met with.  Two hundred years ago, they

were of course much more abundant, having formed since that period a large part of the supply to the iron furnaces of this district.  They are yet numerous enough to catch the eye wherever the observer may direct his steps, either along the retired lane, or in the secluded valley.  The fields and orchards, gardens and precincts of the Forest villages, are nearly sure to contain them.  Two localities, viz. Cinderford and Cinderhill, no doubt derive their names from them.  In some places they have proved so abundant as to have enhanced the value of the land containing them.  They even occur on elevated spots, exposed to every wind, and remote from human habitations.  Nor is their existence to be limited to the Forest, or even to the Gloucestershire side of the Wye, since the Rev. T. W. Webb states—

“In many parts of the district of Irchinfield, in Herefordshire, cinders are found in the road, or dispersed in the fields; and in many places heaps of them have been discovered.  I would particularly specify the parishes of Tretire with Michaelchurch, Peterstow, great heaps at St. Weonards, and Llangarren.  In the last century, enormous heaps were found at considerable depth in ‘the Brook End,’ a street of Ross.  Near Rudhall, the roads were repaired with them.”

Their character is peculiar, exhibiting by no means complete fusion, but rather semi-vitrifaction by roasting; the ore retaining, not unfrequently, a large measure of its original weight and form, explained, as Dr. Percy kindly informs me, by charcoal being the fuel employed, and not necessarily arising from want of skill in the operatives.  They are said to vary in richness according as they belong