unfamiliar foreign word is used to convey precise description, put it in italic, but use roman for repetition of the word.

Italicize brief passages of foreign words which may be incorporated into an English passage but may not be long enough to be treated as regular quotations.

De gustibus non est disputandum, or as the French have it, Chacun a son gout.

Longer passages in foreign languages should be set in roman.

To set an entire paragraph of quoted matter in a foreign language in italic, or even to use italic too freely for phrases, practically nullifies the value of it as a display letter for the sub-headings or for any other part of the book in which distinction is really needed. Quotation marks, indention, smaller type, or any of the marks which distinguish quoted matter are sufficient.

III. At one time it was quite customary to set all quotations, whether in English or a foreign language, prose or verse, in italics, but that fashion is now happily obsolete. Some modern printers use italic for bits of verse between paragraphs in the text of roman, but it is a fancy and not likely to be permanent.

IV. Do not italicize foreign titles preceding names of foreign institutions or places, streets, etc., the meaning or position of which in English would call for roman type.

Pere Ladeau; Freiherr von Schwenau; the Place de la Concorde; the Museo delle Terme.

V. In text matter use roman for the name of any author, but italicize the title of the work. This applies to books, including plays, essays, cycles of poems, and single poems of considerable length, usually printed separately, and not from the context understood to form parts of a larger volume; pamphlets, treatises, tracts, documents, and periodicals (including regularly appearing proceedings and transactions). In the case of newspapers and periodicals the name of the place of publication should be italicized when it forms an integral part of the name, but do not under ordinary circumstances italicize the article the.

In many offices the names of papers, magazines, and serials are not italicized. Roman is often used without quotation marks, the title being indicated by capitalization. When such names are used as credits at the end of citations or notes they should always be italicized.

This is largely a matter of individual taste and office style. Ample warrant can be found for either form in the writing of the best authorities and in the practice of the best offices.

VI. In citations which make a full paragraph, and in footnotes, the name of both author and book are commonly set in roman lower-case. At the end of a paragraph or footnote specification of author and book may be roman for author and italic for book. When only the book is given, use italics.

These rules are often modified in long bibliographical lists, tables, or other cases when following them would cause a great accumulation of italics and spoil the appearance of a page. Do not italicize the books of the Bible (canonical or apocryphal) or titles of ancient manuscripts, or symbols used to designate manuscripts.

D 16, M 6, P, J.

VII. Italicize see and see also, in indices and similar compilations when they are used for cross-reference, and when it is desirable to differentiate them from the context.

VIII. Italicize for and read in lists of errata to separate the incorrect from the correct.

Page 999 for Henry read Henri.

IX. The phrases prima facie and ex officio are sometimes used to qualify the nouns which follow, and sometimes used as adverbs. As qualifiers they are often printed in roman with the hyphen.

Prima-facie evidence.
An ex-officio member of all committees.

When used as adverbs they may be printed in italics without the hyphen.

The evidence is, prima facie, convincing.
The speaker is, ex officio, the chairman.

X. Names of ships, especially when they are taken from places, as in the United States Navy, are often italicized.

U.S.S. Philadelphia, U.S.S. Alabama.

XI. Names of paintings, statues, musical compositions, and characters in plays are sometimes italicized. This is not ordinarily advisable. It violates the rule of never using italics or other emphasizing devices needlessly and is liable to mar the appearance of the page. It is sometimes necessary, however, to avoid ambiguity. For example, Julius Caesar is a historical personage, "Julius Caesar" is one of Shakespeare's plays, Julius Caesar is a character in the play.

XII. Italicize the symbols a), b), c), etc., used to indicate subdivisions when beginning a paragraph and a, b, c, etc., affixed to the number of verse, page, etc., to denote a fractional part.

See Chap. iii, sec. 2 a).
Luke 4 : 31 b.

XIII. Italicize letters used to designate quantities, lines, etc., in algebraic, geometrical, and similar matter, and in explanation of diagrams and illustrations.

(a+b)²=a²+2ab+b²; the line a c=the line a b; the n^th power; at the point B.

XIV. Italicize particular letters of the alphabet when referred to as such.

We use a much more frequently than q.

XV. Authorities in science differ in the use of italics and capitals. In strictly scientific matter it is better to follow copy if the copy is intelligently prepared; if not, follow some recognized text-book on the subject.

In general the following rules will be found serviceable.

1. In botanical, zoological, geological, and paleontological matter, italicize scientific (Latin) names of genera and species when used together (the generic name being in the nominative singular), and of the genera only, when used alone. When genera and species are used together the genus always comes first, species second.

   Agaricus Campestris, Felis leo, Conodectes favosus, Phyteuma Halleri, Pinus, Basidiabolus, Alternaria, Erythrosuchus.

2. In medical matter the general practice is to print names of diseases and remedies in roman. In the Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, however, the scientific names of diseases are printed in italics.

3. In astronomical and astrophysical matter italicize:

   1. The lower-case letters designating certain Fraunhofer lines: a, b, g, h.

   2. The lower-case letters used by Baeyer to designate certain stars in constellations for which the Greek letters have been exhausted: f, Tauri; u, Hercules.

4. Italic should not be used for:

   1. Greek, Latin, and Arabic names of planets, satellites, constellations, and individual stars: Neptune, Thetys, Orionis.

   2. Symbols for chemical elements: H. Ca. Ti.

   3. Capital letters given by Fraunhofer to the lines of the spectrum: A–H, K.