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CHAPTER VI. Primary Schools—​Colleges—​The University—​Monks—​Saints—​Santo Toribio and Santa Rosa—​Religious Processions—​Raising the Host—​The Noche Buena—​The Carnival—​Paseos, or Public Promenades—​Ice—​Riding and Driving—​Horses—​Their Equipments and Training—​Mules—​Lottery in Lima—​Cookery—​Breakfasts, Dinners, &c.—​Coffee-houses and Restaurants—​Markets—​The Plazo Firme del Acho—​Bull Fights 89 CHAPTER VII. Geographical Situation of Lima—​Height above Sea level—​Temperature—​Diseases—​Statistical Tables of Births and Deaths—​Earthquakes—​The Valley of Lima—​The River Rimac—​Aqueducts, Trenches, &c.—​Irrigation—​Plantations—​Cotton—​Sugar—​Various kinds of Grain—​Maize—​Potatoes, and other tuberous roots—​Pulse—​Cabbage—​Plants used for Seasoning—​Clover—​The Olive and other Oil Trees—​Fruits—​Figs and Grapes—​The Chirimoya—​The Palta—​The Banana and other Fruits 111 CHAPTER VIII. Robbers on the coast of Peru—​The Bandit Leaders Leon and Rayo—​The Corps of Montoneros—​Watering Places near Lima—​Surco, Atte and Lurin—​Pacchacamac—​Ruins of the Temple of the Sun—​Difficulties of Travelling on the Coast of Peru—​Sea Passage to Huacho—​Indian Canoes—​Ichthyological Collections—​An old Spaniard's recollections of Alexander Von Humboldt—​The Padre Requena—​Huacho—​Plundering of Burial Places—​Huaura—​Malaria—​The Sugar Plantation at Luhmayo—​Quipico—​Ancient Peruvian Ruins—​The Salinas, or Salt Pits—​Gritalobos—​Chancay—​The Piques—​Mode of extracting them—​Valley of the Pasamayo—​Extraordinary Atmospheric Mirrors—​Piedras Gordas—​Palo Seco 137 CHAPTER IX. The Coast southward of Lima—​Chilca—​Curious Cigar cases made there—​Yauyos—​Pisco—​Journey to Yea—​A night on the Sand Plains—​Fatal Catastrophe in the year 1823—​Vine Plantations at Yea—​Brandy and Wine—​Don Domingo Elias—​Vessels for transporting Brandy (Botijas and Odres)—​Cruel mode of skinning Goats—​Negro Carnival—​Peculiar species of Guinea Pig—​The Salamanqueja—​Cotton Plantations—​Quebrada of Huaitara—​Sangallan—​Guano—​Retrospect of the Peruvian Coast—​Rivers—​Medanos—​Winds—​Change of Seasons—​The Garuas—​The Lomas—​Mammalia—​Birds—​Amphibia 160 CHAPTER X. Roads leading to the Sierra—​Chaclacayo and Santa Iñes—​Barometrical observations—​San Pedro Mama—​The Rio Seco—​Extraordinary Geological Phenomenon—​Similar one described by Mr. Darwin—​Surco—​Diseases peculiar to the Villages of Peru—​The Verugas—​Indian mode of treating the disorder—​The Bird-catching Spider—​Horse-Shoeing—​Indian Tambos—​San Juan de Matucanas—​The Thorn-apple and the Tonga—​The Tambo de Viso—​Bridges—​San Mateo—​Passports—​Acchahuari—​Malady called the Veta—​Its effects on horses—​Singular tact and caution of Mules—​Antarangra and Mountain Passes—​Curious partition of Water—​Piedra Parada—​Yauli—​Indian Smelting Furnaces—​Mineral Springs—​Portuguese Mine owners—​Saco—​Oroya—​Hanging Bridges—​Huaros—​Roads leading from Oroya 179 CHAPTER XI. The Cordillera and the Andes—​Signification of the terms—​Altitude of the Mountains and Passes—​Lakes—​Metals—​Aspect of the Cordillera—​Shattered Rocks—​Maladies caused by the diminished Atmospheric Pressure—​The Veta and the Surumpe—​Mountain Storms—​The Condor—​Its habits—​Indian mode of Catching the Bird—​The Puna or Despoblado—​Climate—​Currents of Warm Air—​Vegetation—​Tuberous Plant called the Maca—​Animals of the Puna—​The Llama, the Alpaco, the Huanacu and the Vicuña—​The Chacu and the Bolas—​Household Utensils of the Ancient Peruvians—​The Viscacha and the Chinchilla—​Puna Birds and Amphibia—​Cattle and Pasture—​Indian Farms—​Shepherds' Huts—​Ancient Peruvian Roads and Buildings—​Treasure concealed by the Indians in the Puna 203 CHAPTER XII. Cerro de Pasco—​First discovery of the Mines—​Careless mode of working them—​Mine Owners and Mine Laborers—​Amalgamating and Refining—​Produce of the Mines—​Life in Cerro de Pasco—​Different Classes of the Population—​Gaming and Drunkenness—​Extravagance and Improvidence of the Indian Mine Laborers—​The Cerro de San Fernando—​Other Important Mining Districts in Peru—​The Salcedo Mine Castrovireyna—​Vast Productiveness of the Silver Mines of Peru—​Rich Mines secretly known to the Indians—​Roads leading from Cerro de Pasco—​The Laguna of Chinchaycocha—​Battle of Junin—​Indian Robbers—​A Day and a Night in the Puna Wilds 229 CHAPTER XIII.