compass and its angular measure in the old compass. It also shows at the bottom, the angular measure of each division of one point. In understanding this guide, remember that each course is expressed in degrees or degrees and minutes.

Put in your Note-Book:

In Navigation, each degree is written thus °. Each fraction of a degree is expressed in minutes and written thus '. There are 60' in each degree. Each fraction of a minute is expressed in seconds and is written ". There are 60" in each minute. Four degrees, ten minutes and thirty seconds would be written thus: 4° 10' 30".

Although this guide just given you is given as an aid to quickly transfer a point course into a new or old compass course - or vice versa - you should learn to do this yourself, after awhile, without the guide.

Put in your Note-Book:

I will show you just how each one of these courses is secured from the guide just given you.

Note to Instructor: After explaining these courses in detail, assign for reading in the class room the following articles in Bowditch: Arts. 25-26-27-28-29-30-31-32, 74-75-76-77-78-79-80-81-82.

Every compass, if correct, would have its needle point directly to the real or true North. But practically no compass with which you will become familiar will be correct. It will have an error in it due to the magnetism of the earth. This is called Variation. It will also have an error in it due to the magnetism of the iron in the ship. This is called Deviation. You are undoubtedly familiar with the fact that the earth is a huge magnet and that the magnets in a compass are affected thereby. In other words, the North and South magnetic poles, running through the center of the earth, do not point true North and South. They point at an angle either East or West of the North and South. The amount of this angle in any one spot on the earth is the amount of Variation at that spot. In navigating a ship you must take into account the amount of this Variation. The amount of allowance to be made and the direction (i.e. either East or West) in which it is to be applied are usually indicated on the chart. On large charts, such as those of the North Atlantic, will be found irregular lines running over the chart, and having beside them such notations as 10° W, 15° W, etc. Some lines are marked "No Variation." In such cases no allowance need be made. On harbor charts or other small charts, the Variation is shown by the compass-card printed on the chart. The North point of this card will be found slewed around from the point marking True North and in the compass card will be some such inscription as this: "Variation 9° West in 1914. Increasing 6' per year."

Now let us see how we apply this Variation so that although our compass needle does not point to true North, we can make a correction which will give us our true course in spite of the compass reading. Note these diagrams:

The outer circle represents the sea horizon with the long arrow pointing to true North. The inner circle represents the compass card. In the diagram to the left, the compass needle is pointing three whole points to the left or West of True North. In other words, if your compass said you were heading NE x N, you would not actually be heading NE x N. You would be heading true North.

In other words, standing in the center of the compass and looking toward the circumference, you would find that every true course you sailed would be three points to the left of the compass course. That is called Westerly Variation.

Now look at the diagram to the right. The compass needle is pointing three whole points to the right or East of True North. In other words, standing in the center of the compass and looking toward the circumference, you would find that every true course you sailed would be three points to the right of the compass course. That is called Easterly Variation.

Hence we have these rules, which put in your Note-Book:

To convert a compass course into a true course

When the Variation is westerly, the true course will be as many points to the left of the compass course as there are points or degrees of Variation. When the Variation is easterly, the true course will be as many points or degrees to the right of the compass course.

To convert a true course into a compass course

The converse of the above rule is true. In other words, Variation westerly, compass to the right of true course; variation easterly, compass course to the left.

DEVIATION

As stated before, Deviation causes an error in the Compass due to the magnetism of the iron in the ship. When a ship turns, the compass card does not turn, but the relation of the iron's magnetism to the magnets in the compass is altered. Hence, every change in course causes a new amount of Deviation which must be allowed for in correcting the compass reading. It is customary in merchant vessels to have the compasses adjusted while the ship is in port. The adjuster tries to counteract the Deviation all he can by magnets, and then gives the master of the ship a table of the Deviation errors remaining. These tables are not to be depended upon, as they are only accurate for a short time. Ways will be taught you to find the Deviation yourself, and those ways are the only ones you can depend upon.

Put in your Note-Book:

Westerly Deviation is applied exactly as westerly Variation. Easterly Deviation is applied exactly as easterly Variation.

The amount of Variation plus the amount of Deviation is called the Compass Error. For instance, a Variation of 10° W plus a Deviation of 5° W equals a compass error of 15° W, or a Variation of 10° W plus a Deviation of 5° E leaves a net compass error of 5° W.

LEEWAY

Leeway is not an error of the compass, but it has to be compensated for in steaming any distance. Hence it is mentioned here. A ship steaming with a strong wind or current abeam, will slide off to the leeward more or less. Hence, her course will have to be corrected for Leeway as well as for Variation and Deviation.

Put in your Note-Book:

Leeway on the starboard tack is the same as westerly Variation. Leeway on the port tack is the same as easterly