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A MONK OF THOSE DAYS 69 BERKELEY CASTLE 71 CAVES IN THE HILL-SIDE AT NOTTINGHAM CASTLE 75 MORTIMER'S HOLE 79 MAP—CAMPAIGN OF CRECY 85 VIEW OF ROUEN 87 GENOESE ARCHER 94 OLD ENGLISH SHIPS 105 MAP—CAMPAIGN OF POICTIERS 110 STORMING OF THE CASTLE OF ROMORANTIN 116 RICHARD RECEIVING THE VISIT OF HIS UNCLE JOHN 152 PORTRAIT OF RICHARD'S GRANDFATHER 165 EDWARD, THE BLACK PRINCE 169 THE BULL 177 STORMING OF A TOWN 205 KNIGHTS CHARGING UPON EACH OTHER 220 VIEW OF THE TOWER OF LONDON 235 THE SAVOY 248 RUINS OF THE SAVOY 252 COSTUMES 282 FASHIONABLE HEAD-DRESSES 283 SEAL OF RICHARD II 300 HENRY OF BOLINGBROKE—KING HENRY IV 340 PONTEFRACT CASTLE 342

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KING RICHARD II.

Chapter I.

Richard's Predecessors.

There have been three monarchs of the name of Richard upon the English throne.

Richard I. is known and celebrated in history as Richard the Crusader. He was the sovereign ruler not only of England, but of all the Norman part of France, and from both of his dominions he raised a vast army, and went with it to the Holy Land, where he fought many years against the Saracens with a view of rescuing Jerusalem and the other holy places there from the dominion of unbelievers. He met with a great many remarkable adventures in going to the Holy Land, and with still more remarkable ones on his return home, all of which are fully related in the volume of this series entitled King Richard I.

Richard II. did not succeed Richard I. immediately. Several reigns intervened. The monarch who immediately succeeded Richard I. was John. John was Richard's brother, and had been left in command, in England, as regent, during the king's absence in the Holy Land.

After John came Henry III. and the three Edwards; and when the third Edward died, his son Richard II. was heir to the throne. He was, however, too young at that time to reign, for he was only ten years old.

The kings in these days were wild and turbulent men, always engaged in wars with each other and with their nobles, while all the industrial classes were greatly depressed. The nobles lived in strong castles in various places about the country, and owned, or claimed to own, very large estates, which the laboring men were compelled to cultivate for them. Some of these castles still remain in a habitable state, but most of them are now in ruins—and very curious objects the ruins are to see.