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قراءة كتاب Pioneers of Science
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Transcriber’s Note
The punctuation and spelling from the original text have been faithfully preserved. Only obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
This text contains a few phrases in Greek, with English transliterations given as mouse hover pop-ups: φενόμενα
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PIONEERS OF SCIENCE
PIONEERS OF SCIENCE
BY
OLIVER LODGE, F.R.S.
PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS IN VICTORIA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL
WITH PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS
London
MACMILLAN AND CO.
AND NEW YORK
1893
Richard Clay and Sons, Limited,
LONDON AND BUNGAY.
PREFACE
This book takes its origin in a course of lectures on the history and progress of Astronomy arranged for me in the year 1887 by three of my colleagues (A.C.B., J.M., G.H.R.), one of whom gave the course its name.
The lectures having been found interesting, it was natural to write them out in full and publish.
If I may claim for them any merit, I should say it consists in their simple statement and explanation of scientific facts and laws. The biographical details are compiled from all readily available sources, there is no novelty or originality about them; though it is hoped that there may be some vividness. I have simply tried to present a living figure of each Pioneer in turn, and to trace his influence on the progress of thought.
I am indebted to many biographers and writers, among others to Mr. E.J.C. Morton, whose excellent set of lives published by the S.P.C.K. saved me much trouble in the early part of the course.
As we approach recent times the subject grows more complex, and the men more nearly contemporaries; hence the biographical aspect diminishes and the scientific treatment becomes fuller, but in no case has it been allowed to become technical and generally unreadable.
To the friends (C.C.C., F.W.H.M., E.F.R.) who with great kindness have revised the proofs, and have indicated places where the facts could be made more readily intelligible by a clearer statement, I express my genuine gratitude.
University College, Liverpool,
November, 1892.
CONTENTS
PART I | |
LECTURE I | |
PAGE | |
COPERNICUS AND THE MOTION OF THE EARTH | 2 |
LECTURE II | |
TYCHO BRAHÉ AND THE EARLIEST OBSERVATORY | 32 |
LECTURE III | |
KEPLER AND THE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION | 56 |
LECTURE IV | |
GALILEO AND THE INVENTION OF THE TELESCOPE | 80 |
LECTURE V | |
GALILEO AND THE INQUISITION | 108 |
LECTURE VI | |
DESCARTES AND HIS THEORY OF VORTICES | 136 |
LECTURE VII | |
SIR ISAAC NEWTON | 159 |
LECTURE VIII | |
NEWTON AND THE LAW OF GRAVITATION | 180 |
LECTURE IX | |
NEWTON'S "PRINCIPIA" | 203 |
PART II |
|
LECTURE X | |
ROEMER AND BRADLEY AND THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT | 232 |
LECTURE XI | |
LAGRANGE AND LAPLACE—THE STABILITY OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM, AND THE NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS | 254 |
LECTURE XII | |