BOOK V

  CHAPTER I—THE BRITISH MUSEUM

  The founding of the British Museum, p. 4—Purchase of Sir Hans Sloane's
  collection of curios by the English government, p. 4—Collection of
  curios and library located in Montague Mansion, p. 5—Acquisition of
  the collection of Sir William Hamilton, p. 5—Capture of Egyptian
  antiquities by the English, p. 5—Construction of the present museum
  building, p. 6—The Mesopotamian department, p. 8—The Museum of Natural
  History in South Kensington, p. 8—Novel features in the structure of
  the building, p. 9—Arrangement of specimens to illustrate evolution,
  protective coloring, etc., p.— —Exhibits of stuffed specimens amid
  their natural surroundings, p. 10—Interest taken by visitors in the
  institution, p. 12.

  CHAPTER II—THE ROYAL SOCIETY OP LONDON FOR IMPROVING NATURAL KNOWLEDGE

  The Royal Society, p. 14—Weekly meetings of the society, p. 15—The tea
  before the opening of the lecture, p. 15—Announcement of the beginning
  of the lecture by bringing in the great mace, p. 16—The lecture-room
  itself, p. 17—Comparison of the Royal Society and the Royal Academy
  of Sciences at Berlin, p. 18—The library and reading-room, p. 19—The
  busts of distinguished members, p. 20—Newton's telescope and Boyle's
  air-pump, p. 21.

  CHAPTER III—THE ROYAL INSTITUTION AND LOW-TEMPERATURE RESEARCHES

  The founding of the Royal Institution, p. 29—Count Rumford, p. 30—His
  plans for founding the Royal Institution, p. 32—Change in the spirit
  of the enterprise after Rumford's death, p. 33—Attitude of the
  earlier workers towards the question of heat as a form of motion,
  p. 34—Experiments upon gases by Davy and Faraday, p. 35—Faraday's
  experiments with low temperatures, p. 39—Other experiments to produce
  lower temperature, p. 39—Professor De-war begins low-temperature
  research, p. 39—His liquefaction of hydrogen, p. 43—Hampson's method
  of producing low temperatures, p. 44—Dewar's invention of the vacuum
  vessel, p. 53—Its use in retaining liquefied gases, p. 54—Changes in
  physical properties of substances at excessively low temperatures, p.
  56—Magnetic phenomena at low temperatures, p. 56—Changes in the color
  of substances at low temperatures, p. 57—Substances made luminous by
  low temperatures, p. 58—Effect of low temperatures upon the strength of
  materials, p. 59—Decrease of chemical activity at low temperatures, p.
  60—Olzewski's experiments with burning substances in liquid oxygen,
  p. 61—Approach to the absolute zero made by liquefying hydrogen, p.
  69—Probable form of all matter at the absolute zero, p. 70—Uncertain
  factors that enter into this determination, p. 71.

  CHAPTER IV—SOME PHYSICAL LABORATORIES AND PHYSICAL PROBLEMS

  Sir Norman Lockyer and Spectroscopic Studies of the Sun and Stars, p.
  73—Observations made at South Kensington by Sir Norman and his staff,
  p. 74—His theories as to the influence of sun-spots and terrestrial
  weather, p. 75—Spectroscopic studies of sun-spots, p. 76—Studies of
  the so-called reverse lines of the spectrum, p. 78—Discovery of the new
  star in the constellation of Perseus, p. 80—Spectroscopic studies
  of the new star, p. 81—Professor Ramsay and the new gases, p.
  82—University College in London, p. 83—Professor Ramsay's laboratory
  and its equipment, p. 84—The discovery of argon, p. 86—Professor
  Ramsay's work on krypton, neon, and zenon, p. 87—Discoveries of new
  constituents of the atmosphere, p. 88—Interesting questions raised
  by these discoveries, p. 89—Professor J. J. Thomson and the nature
  of electricity, p. 92—Study of gases in relation to the conduction
  of electricity, p. 93—Electricity regarded as a form of matter, p.
  97—Radio-activity, p. 97—The nature of emanations from radio-active
  bodies, p. 10a—The source of energy of radioactivity, p.
  106—Radio-activity and the structure of the atom, p. 108—Effect of
  radio-activity upon heat-giving life of the sun and the earth, p. 111.

  CHAPTER V—THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

  The aquarium, p. 113—The arrangement of the tanks and exhibits, p.
  114—The submarine effect of this arrangement, p. 115—Appearance of the
  submarine dwellers in their natural surroundings, p. 116—The eels and
  cuttle-fishes, p. 116—The octopuses, p. 117—The technical department
  of the laboratory, p. 119—The work of Dr. Anton Dohrn, founder of the
  laboratory, p. 121—The associates of Dr. Dohrn, p. 122—The collecting
  of surface specimens, p. 123—Collecting specimens by dredging, p.
  124—Fauna of the Bay of Naples, p. 124—Abundance of the material for
  biological study, p. 125—Advantages offered by marine specimens for
  biological study, p. 126—Method of preserving jelly-fish and similar
  fragile creatures, p. 127—Uses made of the specimens in scientific
  study, p. 128—Different nationalities represented among the workers at
  the laboratory, p. 130—Methods of investigation, p. 131—Dr. Diesch's
  studies of heredity at the laboratory, p. 131—Other subjects under
  scientific investigation, p. 132—The study of chromosomes, p.
  133—Professor Weismann's theory of heredity based on these studies,
  p. 33—Experiments in the division of egg-cells, p. 134—Experiments
  tending to refute Weismann's theory, p. 136—Dr. Dohrn*s theory of
  the type of the invertebrate ancestor, p. 137—Publications of the
  laboratory, p. 139—Meetings of the investigators at Signor Bifulco's,
  p. 141—Marine laboratories of other countries, p. 142.

  CHAPTER VI—ERNST HAECKEL AND THE NEW ZOOLOGY

  The "dream city" of Jena, p. 145—The old market-place, p. 147—The
  old lecture-halls of the university, p. 148—Ernst Haeckel, p. 151—His
  discoveries of numerous species of radiolarians, p. 153—The part played
  in evolution by radiolarians, p. 156—Haeckel's work on morphology,
  and its aid to Darwinian philosophy, p. 156—Freedom of thought and
  expression in the University of Jena, p. 157—Haeckel's laboratory, p.
  160—His method of working, p. 161—His methods of teaching, p. 164—The
  import of the study of zoology, p. 166—Its bearing upon evolution, p.
  168—The present status of Haeckel's genealogical tree regarding the
  ancestry of man, p. 171—Dubois's discovery of the skull of the ape-man
  of Java, p. 173—Its close resemblance to the skull of the ape, p.
  173—Man's line of descent clearly traced by Haeckel, p. 175—The
  "missing link" no longer missing, p. 176.

  CHAPTER VII—SOME MEDICAL LABORATORIES AND MEDICAL PROBLEMS

  The Boulevard Pasteur, p. 179—The Pasteur Institute, p. 180—The tomb
  of Pasteur within the walls, p. 181—Aims and objects of the Pasteur
  Institute, p. 182—Antirabic treatment given, p. 183—Methods of
  teaching in the institute, p. 185—The director of the institute and his
  associates, p. 185—The Virchow