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قراءة كتاب Systematic Status of a South American Frog, Allophryne ruthveni Gaige
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Systematic Status of a South American Frog, Allophryne ruthveni Gaige
Plantar view of right foot. × 3.5." tag="{http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml}img"/> Fig. 1. Allophryne ruthveni, male (KU 69890); (a) Dorsum.
(b) Thenar view of right hand. (c) Lateral profile of head.
(d) Plantar view of right foot. × 3.5.
Color.—Dorsum gray with irregular network of black lines and elongate blotches; flanks and labial region black with large white ocelli; dorsal surfaces of limbs gray, marked as follows: two large, elongate white spots on each thigh, concealed white spot on base of upper arm, black-edged gray transverse bars on forearms and shanks, white spot on each knee and elbow; ventral surfaces pale gray; black-edged white spot on ventral surface of thigh on each side of anal opening; chin and throat dark gray with white spots; vocal sac in male black (Fig. 1a and c).
Gaige (1926) briefly described the color, which conforms to the above in all particulars. The paratype (MCZ 11790) has lost the gray color after 40 years in preservation; now (1966) the ground-color is cream-brown, and the dorsal spotting, noted by Gaige as being black, is now brown.
The spots on the feet, tarsi, knees, thighs, flanks and upper arm are white in preservative, but in life possibly were red or yellow. These colors usually fade to white in preservative. Red or yellow spots are common aposematic colors in frogs.
Variation.—Eight measurements were taken on each specimen and four ratios were computed; these are summarized in Table 1. Gaige's illustration of the holotype shows that it has a greatly reduced pattern, whereas the paratype and three of the other five known specimens have relatively large and numerous spots. The male (KU 69890) and one female (AMNH 70108) have a reduced pattern intermediate between that of the holotype and the four other specimens.
TABLE I.—Variation in Measurements and Proportions of Allophryne ruthveni. (Ranges in parentheses below means.)
Character | Male (1) | Females (5) |
Snout-vent (in mm.) |
20.6 |
23.6 (18.4-31.0)[A] |
Tibia/snout-vent |
0.43 |
0.43 (0.41-0.47) |
Tympanum/head width |
0.12 |
0.15 (0.14-0.16) |
Eyelid/interorbital space |
0.55 |
0.53 (0.49-0.56) |
Tympanum/eye length |
0.40 |
0.46 (0.42-0.50) |
[A]Holotype is reported to be 31 mm. snout-vent length (Gaige, 1926). The largest measured by us was 26.2 mm. snout-vent.