mandible in opening, since it is on the posterior extension that the depressor of the lower mandible inserts. The larger the muscle the more surface is needed for attachment. Also the added length of the mandible posterior to the articulation serves as a lever in opening the mandible, and the fulcrum is moved relatively farther forward.

In birds lacking resistance to abduction of the lower mandible, as in doves, it is nevertheless necessary for a slight postarticular process to remain for the insertion of a small depressor muscle which, as mentioned previously, is necessary to counteract the relaxed adductor muscles of the lower jaw.

There are many exceptions to the rule that birds have kinetic skulls, and usually a secondary fusion and reinforcement of bones around the hinge has limited or eliminated all movement. Sims (1955) describes the Hawfinch's immobile upper jaw, which is used as a powerful press in cracking the stones of fresh fruit. Skulls of woodpeckers have been modified somewhat in the same manner as a result of their foraging and nesting habits (Burt, 1930).

The two most distantly related members of the genera under investigation are the White-winged Dove, Zenaida asiatica, and the Mourning Dove, Zenaidura macroura. They were chosen to demonstrate differences and likenesses in proportions of members of the genera.

Ten measurements were taken on each skull, but simple observation reveals that, in relation to total length of the skull, the beak of the White-winged Dove is longer than that of the Mourning Dove. Tip of upper mandible to base of beak averaged 48.6 and 42.9 per cent of the total length of the skull in the White-winged Dove and Mourning Dove, respectively. The position of the jugal bar has remained about the same with respect to the cranial part of the skull, and the entire cranial part of the skull is almost the same shape in the species studied.

Likewise, in the White-winged Dove the distance from the anterior tip of the lower mandible to the anterior part of M. adductor mandibulae externus is relatively longer in relation to the length of the lower mandible than in the Mourning Dove. Finally, the position of the jugal with respect to the naso-frontal hinge is about the same in the two species.

Measurements and calculations indicate that the longer beak of the White-winged Dove as compared with the Mourning Dove is a function of the beak itself, not of differences in other parts of the skull. Measurements of skulls of Eared and Zenaida doves support this view.

OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES

In the species dissected, the only variable muscle that I consider significant in revealing relationships is M. pseudotemporalis profundus. It is markedly enlarged in the White-winged Dove in relation to the homologous muscle in the Mourning Dove. The muscle is enlarged in such a manner that a lateral expansion of its mass is apparent in superficial or dorsal view (compare figures 15 and 16). This, of course, indicates a muscle with powerful contraction, which has been unable to enlarge its circumference symmetrically because the eye is immediately dorsal to the muscle. Therefore it has expanded laterally. Ventral expansion is blocked by the presence of other muscles, and medially there is no surface for the insertion of additional fibers on the orbital process of the quadrate.

The jaw musculature has been known for some time to be highly adaptive (Beecher, 1951a and b, 1953; Bowman, 1961; Burt, 1930; Engels, 1940 and Goodman and Fisher, 1962) and it would not be unreasonable, I think, to expect the jaw muscles of closely related species with similar habits to be similar. The beak of the White-winged Dove is longer in proportion to the length and height of the skull (exclusive of the beak) than is the beak of the Mourning Dove. The lengthened beak is probably an adaptation for nectar-feeding, which has been documented by McGregor, Alcorn and Olin (1962:263-264) while investigating pollinating agents of the Saguaro Cactus (Cereus giganteus), and by Gilman (1911:53) who observed the birds thrusting their bills into the flowers of the plant. Gilman indicated, however, that he could not be sure if the birds were seeking insects, pollen, or nectar. In any event the lengthened bill probably facilitates getting food by birds that probe parts of flowers. Hensley (1954:202) noted that both Mourning and White-winged doves were "exceptionally fond of this source of nourishment." But he also points out an "interesting correlation" between the presence of the white-wings in the desert and the flowering of the saguaro. During his studies the appearance of the first white-wing preceded the opening of the first saguaro flower by two days. The flowering and fruiting season lasted until August, the month of termination of the white-wing breeding season.

Since Hensley makes the correlation solely with the white-wings, I assume that there is no other obvious correlation between plants and birds among the remainder of the avifauna of the desert. Probably the Mourning Dove has failed to adapt to nectar-feeding as yet, and the White-winged Dove is the primary exploiter of this food niche. It should be noted, also, that the head of the Mourning Dove is smaller than the white-wing's, and perhaps there is no need for an elongated beak for reaching deeply into the flowers.

The lengthened bill should produce no difficulties in protraction of the upper mandible and depression of the lower for the reason that in the dove there is no known resistance offered to these movements. The genus Icterus furnishes an example wherein resistance is met in the process of opening the mandibles; individuals of this genus thrust their closed bill into certain fruits and forcibly open their mandibles against the resistance of the pulp by strong protraction and depression, thus permitting the juices of the fruit to lake and ultimately to be consumed (Beecher, 1950:53). Beecher refers to the technique used in fruit-eating as "gaping." The result of gaping in Icterus should be the presence of a more massive set of muscles concerned with protraction and depression than is found in non-gaping groups. Beecher found the situation to be exactly as expected in that genus and in other genera which also gape. Meadowlarks (Sturnella) and caciques (Archiplanus) gape and pry in soil and wood respectively (Beecher, 1951a:422 and 426).

The lengthened beak would be a problem when the White-winged Dove attempted to pick up objects such as seeds, which do in fact constitute the largest percentage of its diet in spite of its nectar-feeding habit. A similar situation exists in the genus Icterus, which is primarily adapted for gaping even though it shows a preference for insects when they are abundant (Beecher, 1950:53). The lengthened beak could be compensated for by (A) migration of the anterior end of the jugal bar toward the rostral tip of the bill and away from the fronto-nasal hinge with a simultaneous enlargement of the adductor muscles of the lower mandible, or (B) enlargement of the one muscle that functions simultaneously as an efficient retractor of the upper mandible and adductor of the lower mandible, namely M. pseudotemporalis profundus. Mm. pterygoideus dorsalis et lateralis perform the same function, but because of their position on the lower mandible they, apparently, are stronger retractors of the upper mandible than they are adductors of the lower.

It will be recalled that the jugal bar bears the same, or nearly the same, relationship to the cranium in the white-wing as it does in the Mourning Dove and that the heads, excluding the beaks of both species, are of nearly the same proportions. Also, Mm. adductor mandibulae externus and pseudotemporalis superficialis, the chief adductor