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The Struggle Between a Stream and Its Banks 89 Ripple Marks and Glacial Striæ 102 Glacial Grooves and Markings 103 Crinoid and Ammonite 140 Fossil Corals, Coquina, Hippurite Limestone 141 Fossil Fish 152 Meteorite 153 Eocene Fish and Trilobite 156 How Coal Was Made 157 Banded Sandstone. Opalized Wood 176 Allosaurus 177 A Three-horned Dinosaur 178 Remains of Brontosaurus 179 Restoration of Brontosaurus 182 Ornitholestes, a Small Dinosaur 183 A Mammoth 186 An Ancestor of the Horse 187 Orion, His Dogs, and the Bull 214 Other Fanciful Sketches of Constellations 215 The Sky in Winter 244 The Sky in Spring 244 The Sky in Summer 244 The Sky in Autumn 244

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PART I

THE EARTH

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THE GREAT STONE BOOK

Deep in the ground, and high and dry on the sides of mountains, belts of limestone and sandstone and slate lie on the ancient granite ribs of the earth. They are the deposits of sand and mud that formed the shores of ancient seas. The limestone is formed of the decayed shells of animal forms that flourished in shallow bays along those shores. And all we know about the life of these early days is read in the epitaphs written on these stone tables.

Under the stratified rocks, the granite foundations tell nothing of life on the earth. But the sea rolled over them, and in it lived a great variety of shellfish. Evidently the earliest fossil-bearing rocks were worn away, for the rocks that now lie on the granite show not the beginnings, but the high tide of life. The "lost interval" of which geologists speak was a time when living forms were few in the sea.

In the muddy bottoms of shallow, quiet bays lie the shells and skeletons of the creatures that live their lives in those waters and die when they grow old and feeble. We have seen the fiddler crabs by thousands on such shores, young and old, lusty and feeble. We have seen the rocks along another coast almost covered by the coiled shells of little gray periwinkles, and big clumps of black mussels hanging on the piers and wharfs. All these creatures die, at length, and their shells accumulate on the shallow sea bottom. Who has not spent hours gathering dead shells which the tide has thrown up on the beach? Who has not cut his foot on the broken shells that lie in the sandy bottom we walk on whenever we go into the surf to swim or bathe?

Read downward from the surface toward the earth's centre—