complicated mental processes by which useful knowledge is acquired. But the associative processes go much beyond this.

We also compare the different objects of present and past experience. We carefully and thoroughly catalogue them into groups, divisions and subdivisions for convenient and ready reference. This we do by the processes of memory, of association and of discrimination, previously referred to.

Through these processes our knowledge of the world, derived from the whole vast field of experience, is unified

and systematized. Through these processes is order realized from chaos. Through these processes it comes about that not only individual thought, but the communication of thought from one person to another, is vastly simplified. Language is enabled to deal with ideas instead of with isolated sense-perceptions. The single word "horse" suffices to convey a thought that could not be adequately set forth in a page-long enumeration of disconnected sense-perceptions.

The associative process covers a wide range. It includes, for example, not only the simple definition of an aggregate of sense-perceptions, as "horse" or "cow"; it includes as well the inferential process of abstract reasoning.

The only real difference between these widely diverse mental acts, one apparently so much less complicated and profound than the other, is that the former involves no act of memory, while the latter is based wholly on sensory experiences of the past.

Abstract reasoning is merely reasoning from premises and to conclusions which are not present to our senses at the time.

Chapter V

It is a recognized fact of observation that Every idea has a certain emotional quality associated with it, a sort of "feeling tone."

If ideas of health and triumphant achievement are brought into consciousness, we at the same time experience a state of energy, a feeling of courage and capability and joy and a stimulation of all the bodily processes. If, on the other hand, ideas of disease and death and failure are brought into consciousness, we at the same time experience

feelings of sorrow and mental suffering and a state of lethargy, a feeling of inertia, impotence and fatigue.

Exalted ideas have associated with them a vitalizing and energizing emotional quality. Depressive memories or ideas have associated with them a depressing and disintegrating emotional quality.