in this City—The Power of Prussia in the Compulsory
Law—An Approach to in the Legislation in the Different States on
Factory children……………………………………..pp. 339-352

CHAPTER XXIX.

FACTORY-CHILDREN AND THE NEW LAW PROPOSED.

Experience in the Night-schools—Great Numbers of Young Children
Employed in Factories—Their Eagerness to Learn—Experience of
England—Statistics of Children Employed in Factories in New York—Facts
and Incidents—Mr. Mundella's Views of the Evils in this
Country—Massachusetts Legislation—Effects of the Law—Half-time
Schools—"Double Gangs"—Rhode Island Legislation—Connecticut
Legislation—Description of the Act—Defects of the Law—Hearty
Co-operation of the Manufacturers—The New York Law Proposed, Drawn up
by Mr. C. E. Whitehead, Secures Education for all Children Employed, and
Protects them from Dangers…………………………….pp. 353-365

CHAPTER XXX.

ORGANIZATION OF CHARITIES.

Enthusiasm of Humanity—Necessity of Machinery—Danger of
Routine—Importance of Interested Motives—Duties of
Trustees—Compensation—Charity should not be Too Much of a
Business—Importance of other Pursuits for an Agent of a Charity—Best
Constitution of a Board of Trustees—Importance of their Personal Share
in the Work—Rigid Inspection Necessary—Duties of the Executive
Officers…………………………………………….pp. 366-376

CHAPTER XXXI.

STATE AID TO CHARITIES.

Discussion How Far the State should Aid in Charities—Dangers of State
Endowments—Weakness of Individual Charities—Danger of Machinery Taking
Place of Work—The Natural Family Better than the Asylum Machinery—The
Needless Multiplication of Charities—Bad Effects on the Poor and on the
Public—A Trade in Alms—Necessity of a Bureau—Should be Directed by
the State Board of Charities…………………………..pp. 377-387

CHAPTER XXXII.

HOW BEST TO GIVE ALMS—"TAKE, NOT GIVE."

Reply of the missionary in East London—The Evil of
Alms-giving—Experience of the English—Everything given but
Education—Charity Expenses of London—Good Fortune of this
Country—Degrading Influence of Alms—Able-bodied Paupers in New
York—Transmitted Pauperism—Terrible Instance in an Alms-house in
Western New York—Outdoor Relief very Dangerous—Ought to be Limited in
this City—Private Alms Better—Abuse of Private Benefactions—Great
Number of Deserving Poor in the City—Policy of the Children's Aid
Society—They Desire to Prevent the Demand for Alms—Our Lodging-houses
Cultivate Independence—Boys Obliged to Pay—The "Howland
Fund"—Distribution of Gifts on Christmas—Objection to the "Bootblack
Brigade"—Our Industrial Schools Reformatories of Pauperism—Garments
given as Rewards for Good Conduct—Begging Discouraged—Parents Induced
to Save—Principle of this Society to give Education rather than
Alms………………………………………………..pp. 388-397

CHAPTER XXXIII.

HOW SHALL CRIMINAL CHILDREN BE TREATED?

The Child, above all, an Individual—Unsuited to be put in a large
Institution—Influence of a Number of Criminal Children on One
Another—Absence of the Most Powerful Forces of the Outside World—The
Work of a Reformatory not suited for After-life—Working the Ground the
Best—Garden-work very Useful for Criminal Young Girls—Mr. Pease's
Success—The True Plan—The "Family System"—Each Child does the Small
Work of the Cottage—Children near the Natural Condition—Only Defect
the Unprofitableness of the Labor—The Most Successful Reformatories of
Europe on the Family System……………………………pp. 398-403

CHAPTER XXXIV.

WHAT SHALL BE DONE WITH FOUNDLINGS?

The Need of Shelter for Illegitimate Children—Their Numbers in European
Cities—Estimated Number in New York—Number of Still-births—Relation
of Illegitimacy to Crime—Statistics in France—Foundling
Asylums—Terrible Mortality of London Foundling Hospital, also of St
Petersburg and Paris Hospitals—Former Great Mortality of
Infant-Hospital in New York—Recent Improvement—Mortality of the
Massachusetts Alms-house, and in Dorchester Infant-Asylum—Great
Difficulty in Raising a Child without a Nurse or its Mother—Best Course
is, "PLACING-OUT SYSTEM"—Great Success of "Bureau of Ste.
Apolline"—Mortality Greatly Reduced—Children Scattered over
France—The Outlay by the Government—The Moral Effects—This Bureau to
be Distinguished from Private Bureaus—The Boarding out in Hamburg, in
Berlin, in Dublin—The FAMILY PLAN—Tendency of all Civilized Countries
towards this Plan—All the Illegitimate Children in this City might be
Placed out in Country Homes—Duties of the Legislature in regard to
Illegitimacy—Objections to the French Turning-tables—Too Great Laxness
Injurious—The New York Law too Severe………………….pp. 404-417

CHAPTER XXXV.

RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION FOR STREET-CHILDREN.

The Difficulties of Religious Teaching—Street-children not to be
Influenced like Sunday Schools—Rhetoric and Sentiment do not Touch
Them—True Oratory and the Dramatic Method always Reach them—They are
Peculiarly Open to Religion, but Exposed to Overwhelming
Temptations—Solemn Aspect of their Position to the Speaker—The
Problem—The Object to Implant Religious Love and Faith—Moral
Influences not Sufficient—"Bread-and-Butter Piety" Doubtful—Objection
to Prizes or Rewards—Religious Instruction not so desirable as
Religious Inspiration—The New Testament to be Preferred to the Old—The
Knowledge and Faith in Christ, Most of all Needed—What this Faith Has
Done, and What it Can Do—Mistakes of Sunday-school Oratory—Rhetorical
Pyrotechnics not Wanted—Allegory the Best Method—Our Best Speaker a
Sportsman—His Sympathies with Boys and with Nature—"BIBLE IN
SCHOOLS"—Religious Instruction in Public Schools Desirable, if all were
of the same Faith—Bible-reading used by the Priests Against the
Schools—Free Schools the Life-blood of the Nation—Protestants should
Never Allow Them to be Broken Up—Protestant Pluck—Are School Religious
Exercises of Much Use—Separation of Church and State—Experience of
England—Free Schools without Religion, rather than no Free
Schools……………………………………………..pp. 418-428

CHAPTER XXXVI.

DECREASE OF JUVENILE CRIME—COST OF PREVENTION AND PUNISHMENT.

Instance of the Three Brothers in the Newsboys' Lodging-house—The
Damage Inflicted by One on the Community—The Gain brought by the Labor
of the Others—Cost of Our Criminals last Year—Amount of Property
Taken—Expenses of Prevention—Average Cost of each Child in our
Industrial Schools—In our