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قراءة كتاب History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume II (of 2) Revised Edition
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History of the Intellectual Development of Europe, Volume II (of 2) Revised Edition
HISTORY OF THE INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPE. REVISED EDITION, IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. II. BY JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D., LL.D.,
Professor of Chemistry in the University of New York,
Author of a "Treatise on Human Physiology," "Civil Policy of America," "History of the American Civil War," &c.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1876, by
HARPER & BROTHERS,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
CONTENTS.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. THE THREE ATTACKS: NORTHERN OR MORAL; WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL; EASTERN OR MILITARY.
THE NORTHERN OR MORAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM, AND ITS TEMPORARY REPULSE.
Geographical Boundaries of Italian Christianity.—Attacks upon it.
The Northern or moral Attack.—The Emperor of Germany insists on a reformation in the Papacy.—Gerbert, the representative of these Ideas, is made Pope.—They are both poisoned by the Italians.
Commencement of the intellectual Rejection of the Italian System.—It originates in the Arabian doctrine of the supremacy of Reason over Authority.—The question of Transubstantiation.—Rise and development of Scholasticism.—Mutiny among the Monks.
Gregory VII. spontaneously accepts and enforces a Reform in the Church.—Overcomes the Emperor of Germany.—Is on the point of establishing a European Theocracy.—The Popes seize the military and monetary Resources of Europe through the Crusades.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST—(Continued).
THE WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM.
The intellectual Condition of Christendom contrasted with that of Arabian Spain.
Diffusion of Arabian intellectual Influences through France and Sicily.—Example of Saracen Science in Alhazen, and of Philosophy in Algazzali.—Innocent III. prepares to combat these Influences.—Results to Western Europe of the Sack of Constantinople by the Catholics.
The spread of Mohammedan light Literature is followed by Heresy.—The crushing of Heresy in the South of France by armed Force, the Inquisition, mendicant Orders, auricular Confession, and Casuistry.
The rising Sentiment is embodied in Frederick II. in Sicily.—His Conflict with and Overthrow by the Pope.—Spread of Mutiny among the mendicant Orders.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST—(Continued).
OVERTHROW OF THE ITALIAN SYSTEM BY THE COMBINED INTELLECTUAL AND MORAL ATTACK.
Progress of Irreligion among the mendicant Orders.—Publication of heretical Books.—The Everlasting Gospel and the Comment on the Apocalypse.
Conflict between Philip the Fair and Boniface VIII.—Outrage upon and death of the Pope.
The French King removes the Papacy from Rome to Avignon.—Post-mortem Trial of the Pope for Atheism and Immorality.—Causes and Consequences of the Atheism of the Pope.
The Templars fall into Infidelity.—Their Trial, Conviction, and Punishment.
Immoralities of the Papal Court at Avignon.—Its return to Rome.—Causes of the great Schism.—Disorganization of the Italian System.—Decomposition of the Papacy.—Three Popes.
The Council of Constance attempts to convert the papal Autocracy into a constitutional Monarchy.—It murders John Huss and Jerome of Prague.—Pontificate of Nicolas V.—End of the intellectual influence of the Italian System.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST—(Concluded).
EFFECT OF THE EASTERN OR MILITARY ATTACK.—GENERAL REVIEW OF THE AGE OF FAITH.
The Fall of Constantinople.—Its momentary Effect on the Italian System.
General Review of the intellectual Condition in the Age of Faith.—Supernaturalism and its Logic spread all over Europe.—It is destroyed by the Jews and Arabians.—Its total Extinction.
The Jewish Physicians.—Their Acquirements and Influence.—Their Collision with the Imposture-medicine of Europe.—Their Effect on the higher Classes.—Opposition to them.
Two Impulses, the Intellectual and Moral, operating against the Mediæval state of Things.—Downfall of the Italian System through the intellectual Impulse from the West and the moral from the North.—Action of the former through Astronomy.—Origin of the moral Impulse.—Their conjoint irresistible Effect.—Discovery of the state of Affairs in Italy.—The Writings of Machiavelli.—What the Church hadactually done.
Entire Movement of the Italian System determined from a consideration of the four Revolts against it.
Consideration of the definite Epochs of Social Life.
Experimental Philosophy emerging in the Age of Faith.
The Age of Reason ushered in by Maritime Discovery and the rise of European Criticism.
Maritime Discovery.—The three great Voyages.
Columbus discovers America.—De Gama doubles the Cape and reaches
India.—Magellan circumnavigates the Earth.—The Material and intellectual Results of each of these Voyages.
Digression on the Social Condition of America.—In isolated human Societies the process of Thought and of Civilization is always the same.—Man passes through a determinate succession of Ideas and embodies them in determinate Institutions.—The state of Mexico and Peru proves the influence of Law in the development of Man.
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