قراءة كتاب Anglo-Saxon Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary Eighth Edition Revised

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Anglo-Saxon Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary
Eighth Edition Revised

Anglo-Saxon Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary Eighth Edition Revised

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دار النشر: Project Gutenberg
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sċip-es. Gen. sċip-a.

So all neuters with short final syllable, such as ġe·bed (prayer), ġe·writ (writing), ġeat (gate).

Fæt (vessel), fæte, fætes; fatu, fatum, fata (p. 5).

Rīċe (kingdom), rīċe, rīċes; rīċu, rīċum, rīċa. So also all neuters in e, except ēage and ēare (p. 13): ġe·þēode (language), styċċe (piece).

Those in -ol, -en, -or, &c. are generally contracted:—dēofol (devil), dēofles, dēoflu. So also wǣpen (weapon), mynster (monastery), wundor (wonder).

(2) Unchanged plurals.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. hūs (house). Nom. hūs.
Dat. hūs-e. Dat. hūs-um.
Gen. hūs-es. Gen. hūs-a.

So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel, or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as bearn (child), folc (nation), wīf (woman).

Feoh (money) drops its h in inflection and lengthens the eo:—feoh, fēo, fēos. So also bleoh (colour).

STRONG FEMININES.

(1) a-plurals.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
(a) Nom. ġief-u (gift). Nom. ġief-a.
Acc. ġief-e. Acc. ġief-a.
Dat. ġief-e. Dat. ġief-um.
Gen. ġief-e. Gen. ġief-ena.

So also lufu (love), scamu (shame). Duru (door) is an u-noun: it has acc. duru, d., g. dura, g. pl. dura. Observe that all these nouns have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the u is dropped, and the noun falls under (b).

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
(b) Nom. sprǣċ (speech). Nom. sprǣċ-a.
Acc. sprǣċ-e. Acc. sprǣċ-a.
Dat. sprǣċ-e. Dat. sprǣċ-um.
Gen. sprǣċ-e. Gen. sprǣċ-a.

So also strǣt (street), sorg (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the same as the nom., such as dǣd, hand, miht.

Those in -ol, -er, -or, &c. contract:—sāwol (soul), sāwle, sāwla, sāwlum. So also ċeaster (city), hlǣdder (ladder).

Some in -en double the n in inflection:—byrþen (burden), byrþenne. So also those in -rǣden, such as hierdrǣden (guardianship). Those in -nes also double the s in inflection: gōdnes (goodness), gōdnesse.

(2) Mutation-plurals.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. bōc (book). Nom. bēċ.
Dat. bēċ. Dat. bōc-um.
Gen. bēċ. Gen. bōc-a.

Burg (city), byriġ, burge; byriġ, burgum, burga.

(3) Indeclinable.

SINGULAR.
Nom. bieldo (boldness).
Dat. bieldo.
Gen. bieldo.

So also ieldo (age).

For r-nouns, see under Masculines.

WEAK MASCULINES.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Nom. nam-a (name). Nom. nam-an.
Acc. nam-an. Acc. nam-an.
Dat. nam-an. Dat. nam-um.
Gen. nam-an. Gen. nam-ena.

So also all nouns in -a:—ġe·fēra (companion), guma (man), ġe·lēafa (belief).

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