قراءة كتاب Anglo-Saxon Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary Eighth Edition Revised
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Anglo-Saxon Primer, With Grammar, Notes, and Glossary Eighth Edition Revised
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So all neuters with short final syllable, such as ġe·bed (prayer), ġe·writ (writing), ġeat (gate).
Fæt (vessel), fæte, fætes; fatu, fatum, fata (p. 5).
Rīċe (kingdom), rīċe, rīċes; rīċu, rīċum, rīċa. So also all neuters in e, except ēage and ēare (p. 13): ġe·þēode (language), styċċe (piece).
Those in -ol, -en, -or, &c. are generally contracted:—dēofol (devil), dēofles, dēoflu. So also wǣpen (weapon), mynster (monastery), wundor (wonder).
(2) Unchanged plurals.
SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
Nom. | hūs (house). | Nom. | hūs. |
Dat. | hūs-e. | Dat. | hūs-um. |
Gen. | hūs-es. | Gen. | hūs-a. |
So all others with long final syllables (that is, containing a long vowel, or a short vowel followed by more than one consonant), such as bearn (child), folc (nation), wīf (woman).
Feoh (money) drops its h in inflection and lengthens the eo:—feoh, fēo, fēos. So also bleoh (colour).
STRONG FEMININES.
(1) a-plurals.
SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | |||
(a) | Nom. | ġief-u (gift). | Nom. | ġief-a. |
Acc. | ġief-e. | Acc. | ġief-a. | |
Dat. | ġief-e. | Dat. | ġief-um. | |
Gen. | ġief-e. | Gen. | ġief-ena. |
So also lufu (love), scamu (shame). Duru (door) is an u-noun: it has acc. duru, d., g. dura, g. pl. dura. Observe that all these nouns have a short syllable before the final vowel. When it is long, the u is dropped, and the noun falls under (b).
SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | |||
(b) | Nom. | sprǣċ (speech). | Nom. | sprǣċ-a. |
Acc. | sprǣċ-e. | Acc. | sprǣċ-a. | |
Dat. | sprǣċ-e. | Dat. | sprǣċ-um. | |
Gen. | sprǣċ-e. | Gen. | sprǣċ-a. |
So also strǣt (street), sorg (sorrow). Some have the acc. sing. the same as the nom., such as dǣd, hand, miht.
Those in -ol, -er, -or, &c. contract:—sāwol (soul), sāwle, sāwla, sāwlum. So also ċeaster (city), hlǣdder (ladder).
Some in -en double the n in inflection:—byrþen (burden), byrþenne. So also those in -rǣden, such as hierdrǣden (guardianship). Those in -nes also double the s in inflection: gōdnes (goodness), gōdnesse.
(2) Mutation-plurals.
SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
Nom. | bōc (book). | Nom. | bēċ. |
Dat. | bēċ. | Dat. | bōc-um. |
Gen. | bēċ. | Gen. | bōc-a. |
Burg (city), byriġ, burge; byriġ, burgum, burga.
(3) Indeclinable.
SINGULAR. | |
Nom. | bieldo (boldness). |
Dat. | bieldo. |
Gen. | bieldo. |
So also ieldo (age).
For r-nouns, see under Masculines.
WEAK MASCULINES.
SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
Nom. | nam-a (name). | Nom. | nam-an. |
Acc. | nam-an. | Acc. | nam-an. |
Dat. | nam-an. | Dat. | nam-um. |
Gen. | nam-an. | Gen. | nam-ena. |
So also all nouns in -a:—ġe·fēra (companion), guma (man), ġe·lēafa (belief).