the tsetse fly.

Suggested drawing.

1. The maggot or grub, side view, × 4.

THE LIVING COCKROACH

Materials.

Individual specimens in cages, jars, or wide-mouth vials with cotton stoppers to admit air. Several roaches in large cages with material for food and concealment.

Observations.

1. What is the general color and the average size of cockroaches?
2. During what time of the day are roaches most active? Where do they hide at other times? How do their shape and color aid concealment? Note any odd or striking colors or marks which might make them distinguishable to their mates.
3. Is the roach a quick or a slow moving animal? How does it get about,—by running, jumping, walking, crawling, swimming, or flying? Turn your specimen on its back and see how it recovers its proper position. Notice the relative size and development of the wings and their use in flying.
4. If uninjured, your specimen has six legs. Why don't they step on each other? Notice the stiff hairs on the legs and the white pads under the feet. How would these structures be useful to the animal?
5. The large, black, shiny eyes are on the front and sides of the head; the long "horns," or feelers, are attached just below the eyes. Upon which sense, sight or feeling, do you think the roach depends more? Explain your statement.
6. Beside the mouth are a long and a short pair of "feelers"; perhaps these are for tasting or smelling. What do roaches like to eat? Do they choose their food? What damage do they do?
7. How can a house be rid of cockroaches?

Suggested drawing.

1. a. A cockroach, seen from above.

THE LIVING SPIDER

Materials.

Living spiders, preferably large ones, in cages; individual specimens in battery jars or wide-mouth bottles. Cocoons. Simple lenses.

Observations.

Each pupil may feel sure that if treated fairly any of the common spiders may be handled without fear of bite or injury.

1. Note that the spider's body is of two regions, the head-thorax and the abdomen, and that it is supported by eight legs. To what part of the body are the legs attached?
2. Find the feelers; if they are club-shaped, your specimen is a male. State their number and tell where they are attached. What is the sex of your spider?
3. Usually there are eight tiny near-sighted eyes on the front of the head. State the color of the eyes and by a diagram indicate their arrangement.
4. With what kind of material is the body covered (use the lens)?
5. What is the color of your specimen? What special markings has it?
6. Holding the spider aloft in your fingers, allow it to drop upon the thread it will spin, and watch it climb and spin. Record the number of the spinners, their situation, and how they act. Are the threads sticky? If so, why doesn't the spider stick to its web? Is the web used for a home or for a snare?
7. Try to discover how the feet are enabled to cling to the thread.
8. Examine a cocoon, noting its outer form and structure, and look for an opening at the top. If you can open a cocoon carefully with scissors, look for its two coats and inspect its contents.
9. State three uses for the spider's silk.
10. What is the work of spiders amongst the animal population of the earth, or of what use are they?
11. Out of doors find webs of various kinds: wheel web, tent web, triangle web, etc.
12. How do the jumping spiders differ from others in their spinning and feeding habits?
13. Look up what is meant by ballooning spiders. Find out when ballooning occurs and what is accomplished by it.

Find out the name of your kind of spider.

Suggested drawings.

1. The entire spider, seen from above.
2. A cocoon.

THE LIVING CRICKET

Materials.

Living crickets in cages, with materials for food and concealment, and individual specimens in wide-mouth bottles or vials with cotton stoppers.

Observations.

1. What is the average size and the general color of crickets?
2. Just what do they do when you try to catch them? What structures enable them to do these things?
3. Of the three pairs of legs, which extend sidewise for running or grasping, and which backward for jumping or climbing? What structures have the legs to enable them to do their work properly?
4. Notice how well developed the cricket's wings are, and state how much they are used or how they influence the habits of the animal.
5. How many projecting spines are there on the hinder end of the body? Are they ornamental or useful? how? The female crickets have a special spear-shaped spine for depositing eggs.
6. In a column make a list of the senses (sight, feeling, etc.), and opposite each state what kind of an organ is used and where it is located. The ears are oblong white spots on the second long piece of the front legs.
7. Find out whether the cricket chews solid food or sucks liquid food, and whether it has biting jaws or protrusible lips. See whether it will attack a toothpick or your finger, and if the crickets have been confined long, whether there has been any attempt at cannabalism. Is its natural food animal or vegetable matter?
8. How do crickets chirp?
9. What work do they do in nature?
10. How does a baby cricket develop?

THE LIVING GRASSHOPPER OR LOCUST

Materials.

Individual specimens in wide-mouth bottles or jars, and other specimens in cages, with turf or foliage for food and concealment. Simple lenses.

Observations.

Notice the form and size of your specimen, its color, the number of its legs and of its feelers. Find the eyes; the two large eyes, a tiny one between the two feelers, and near the inner edge of each large eye, another tiny one. With a lens notice the markings on the large eyes. Find the mouth, and note its lips and finger-like feelers. Draw out an outer wing, and then carefully draw out the delicate under wing, allowing them both to fold into place again. Under the wings find the circular or crescent-shaped membranes, the eardrums. Watch the grasshopper's body expand and contract in breathing, and find the small breathing holes along each side the body. Compare its rate of breathing with your own.

Questions.

1. In what surroundings and how does the grasshopper's color protect it? What color markings has it which might serve for other grasshoppers to see as signals? Explain how this signaling is done.
2. Explain how the legs are placed so as to act as springs in jumping and alighting.
3. What advantages in having the wings attached on the upper side and the legs on the under side of the body?
4. Explain how the small wings are protective, and how the large ones are protected.
5. Why is it better for the grasshopper to have its mouth on the under side of its head instead of in front?
6. The large eyes are supposed to be far-sighted, the small ones near-sighted. State how the large eyes have the more advantageous position, and around how much of a circle they can see.
7. Describe how the grasshopper breathes.