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قراءة كتاب A Manual of the Antiquity of Man
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IDEAL RESTORATION OF THE NEANDERTHAL MAN.A MANUAL
OF THE
ANTIQUITY OF MAN.
BY
J. P. MACLEAN.
"In order to know what Man is, we ought to know what Man has been."
—Prof. Max Müller.
REVISED EDITION.
BOSTON:
Universalist Publishing House,
37 Cornhill,
1877.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by
J. P. MACLEAN,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
PREFACE.
In lecturing upon the Antiquity of Man I have found the minds of the people prepared to receive the evidences, and ready to believe the conclusions of the geologists. I have felt the need of a popular work to place in the hands of the public, that would be both instructive and welcome. The works of Lyell and Lubbock are too elaborate and too expensive to meet the popular need. My object has been to give an outline of the subject sufficient to afford a reasonable acquaintance with the facts connected with the new science, to such as desire the information but cannot pursue it further, and to serve as a manual for those who intend to become more proficient.
As the Unity of Language and the Unity of the Race are so closely connected with the subject, I have added the two chapters on these questions, hoping they will be acceptable to the reader. It was my intention to have written a more extended chapter on the relation of the Holy Scriptures to this subject, but was forced to condense, as I had done in other chapters, in order not to transcend the proposed limits of the book.
In the preparation of this work I have freely used Lyell's "Antiquity of Man" and "Principles of Geology," Lubbock's "Pre-Historic Times," Buchner's "Man in the Past, Present, and Future," Figuier's "Primitive Man," Wilson's "Pre-Historic Man," Keller's "Lake-Dwellings," the works of Charles Darwin, Dana's "Manual of Geology," Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature," Prichard's "Natural History of Man," Pouchet's "Plurality of the Human Race," and others, referred to in the margins.
I am indebted to my friend, Mr. Frank Cushing, for the ideal restoration of the Neanderthal Man. The engraving was made especially for this work. The references to Buchner are from his work entitled, "Man in the Past, Present and Future."
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Interest in the subject—Influence of Lyell—Usher's Chronology—Aimé Boué first to proclaim the high antiquity of man—Dr. Schmerling the founder—Boucher de Perthes the apostle—Classifications by Lubbock, Lartet, Renevier, and Westropp—Plan of the work—No Universal Age of Stone, Bronze, or Iron—Epochs not sharply defined—Outlines of History—Superstitious Notions—Skull from Constatt—Stone hatchet from London—Cavern of Gailenreuth—Axes from Hoxne—Human jaw from Maestricht—Skeleton from Lahr—"Reliquiæ Diluvianæ"—Discoveries by Tournal and Christol—Engis and Enghihoul Caverns—Schmerling's labors—Lyell's opinions—Arrow mark on skull of Cave-Bear—Boucher de Perthes and the Valley of the Somme—Jaw of Moulin-Quignon—Kent's Hole—Fossil Man of Denise—Remains from the Manzanares—Cave of Aurignac—Lyell declares his belief—Lake-Dwellings of Switzerland Neanderthal Skull—Caverns near Torquay—Cave of Massat—Cave of Lourdes—Caverns of Ariége—Tertiary at St. Prest—Implements near Gosport—Bones from Colmar—Implements near Bournemouth—Trou de la Naulette—Bones near Savonia—Reindeer Station—Foreland Cliff—Fossil Man of Mentone—Other Discoveries near Mentone. 11
CHAPTER II.
GLACIAL EPOCH.
Starting point for the investigation—Advance of the ice—Fauna of Europe—Geological Period—Probable Date—Probable Duration—Evidences of the Existence of Man—Implements from Hampshire—Flint tools at Bournemouth—Oval flint from Foreland Cliff—Implements from the Valley of the Somme—Jaw of Moulin-Quignon—Implements from the Seine—Axes near Madrid—Kent's Hole—Brixham Cave—Human jaw from Maestricht—Skeleton from Lahr—Cave of La Naulette—Implements from Hoxne—Bones from Colmar. 25
CHAPTER III.
GLACIAL—CONTINUED.
Belgian Caverns—Caverns of Liége—Engis Skull—Remarks of Prof. Huxley—Views of Busk, Schmerling, Buchner, and Vogt—Neanderthal Skull—Prof. Huxley, Dr. Buchner, and Dr. Fuhlrott on Geological time of Neanderthal Skull—Opinions of Huxley, Buchner, Schaaffhausen, and Busk—Skull from the Loess of the Rhine, Constatt, Cochrane's Cave, Island of Moën, Minsk, and Plau—Borreby Skulls—Human skulls of Arno. 44
CHAPTER IV.
PRE-GLACIAL EPOCHS.
North America during the Tertiary—Europe—Climate—Fauna of Eocene—Of Miocene—Of Pliocene—Traces of Man—Opinions of Lyell, Lubbock, and A. R. Wallace—Man in the Pliocene—Hearth under Osars—Human bones from Savonia—Discoveries at St. Prest—Skull from Altaville—Prof. Denton's Statement—Man in the Miocene—Flints from Pontlevoy—Flint-flake from Aurillac—Marks on bones near Pouance—Implements from Colorado and Wyoming—Eocene—Glacial Periods during the Miocene. 58
CHAPTER V.
CONDITION OF MAN IN THE EARLIEST TIMES.
No knowledge of the first appearance of Man—Fauna of India during the Miocene—Intellect of Man—Contests with the Beasts—A weapon invented—Earliest