type—Advancement slow—Climate changes—Sufferings of Man—Known by the Remains—Structure of the Neanderthal Man—Engis Man—Men both large and small—Animal structure of jaws from La Naulette and Moulin-Quignon. 63

CHAPTER VI.

INTER-GLACIAL EPOCH.

Condition of the earth—Numerous traces of Man—Cave of Aurignac—Conclusions of Lartet and Cartailhac—Caverns of Maccagnone—Wokey Hole—Fossil Man of Denise—Reindeer Station on the Schusse—Dr. Buchner's Conclusions. 68

CHAPTER VII.

CONDITION OF MAN IN THE INTER-GLACIAL.

Length of the Inter-Glacial—Man an improvable being—Implements improved—Art of engraving begun—Religious nature—Denton's description of primeval man—Language improved. 76

CHAPTER VIII.

REINDEER EPOCH.

Advance of the Glaciers—Fauna—-Reindeer epoch a distinct one—Evidences of the existence of Man—Caves of Central and Southern France—Implements from Les Eyzies—Relics from La Madeleine—Workshops of Laugerie-Haute and Laugerie-Basse—Cave and rock shelters of Bruniquel—Cave of Gourdan—Fossil Man of Mentone—Other remains near Mentone—Other bone caves of France—Belgian Caverns—Trou de Frontal—Trou Rosette—Trou des Nutons—Cave of Chaleux—Cave at Furfooz—Cave of Thayngen—Cave near Cracow. 79

CHAPTER IX.

MAN OF THE REINDEER EPOCH.

Man under a more favorable aspect—Type of—Dwellings—Clothing—Food—Cannibalism—The Arts—Traffic—Burial—Dupont's Report. 89

CHAPTER X.

NEOLITHIC EPOCH.

How characterized—Caves of this period—Contents of—Cave of Saint Jean d'Alcas—Danish Shell-Mounds—Danish Peat Bogs—Lake-Dwellings of Switzerland—Enumeration of—Robenhausen—Fauna and Flora of—Troyon and Keller on—Other Lake-Dwellings—Chronology. 94

CHAPTER XI.

MAN OF THE NEOLITHIC.

Type of—Advancement—Habitations—Clothing—Food—Arts and Manufactures—Vast number of implements discovered—War—Agriculture—Burial—Dolmens, Tumuli, Cromlechs, and Menhirs—Victims, or Cannibalism. 103

CHAPTER XII.

BRONZE EPOCH.

No direct relation to Antiquity of Man—How characterized—Type—Habitation and Food—Clothing—Implements—Arts—Agriculture—Fishing and Navigation—Burial—Religious Belief—Stone crescents. 108

CHAPTER XIII.

IRON EPOCH.

Civilization established—Swiss Lake-Dwellings—Dr. Keller's Observations. 112

CHAPTER XIV.

TRACES OF MAN IN AMERICA.

Great opportunities for the Archæologist—Aim of the chapter—Skull from Osage Mission—Comstock lode—Charcoal at Toronto—Knife from Kansas—Pelvic bone from Natchez—Skeleton from New Orleans—Remains from the reefs of Florida—Caverns of Brazil—Shell Heaps—Mound-Builders—Extent of Mounds—Implements of—Sacrificial—Sephulchral—Temple—Symbolical—Antiquity of—Fort Shelby—How long the Mound-Builders remained. 114

CHAPTER XV.

WRITTEN HISTORY.

Mystery of Ancient Empires—Rollin's difficulties—Egypt—Manetho's list—Statement of Herodotus—Mariette's explorations—Borings in the mud deposits of the Nile—Dr. Schliemann's discoveries at Troy—History of Chaldea by Berosus—Astronomical calculations—Chinese history—Mexican History. 123

CHAPTER XVI.

LANGUAGE.

A field for study—Three divisions of language—Rhematic period—Origin of—Various theories—Change of—Views of Ancients—Number of—Comparative permancy of written language. 132

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