قراءة كتاب Man, Past and Present

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Man, Past and Present

Man, Past and Present

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دار النشر: Project Gutenberg
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4. Breton woman of Guingamp (mixed Alpine). 5. Swiss woman (Nordic). 6. Swiss woman (Alpine).   PLATE XII. 1. Catalan man, Spain (Iberian). 2. Irishman, Co. Roscommon (Mediterranean). 3, 4. Kababish, Egyptian Sudan (mixed Semite). 5. Egyptian Bedouin (mixed Semite). 6. Afghan of Zerafshán (Iranian).   PLATE XIII. 1, 2. Bisharin, Egyptian Sudan (Hamite). 3. Beni Amer, Egyptian Sudan (Hamite). 4. Masai, British East Africa (mixed Nilote and Hamite). 5. Shilluk, Egyptian Sudan (Nilote, showing approach to Hamitic type). 6. Shilluk, Egyptian Sudan (Nilote).   PLATE XIV. 1, 2. Kurd, Nimrud-Dagh, lake Van, Kurdistan, Asia Minor (Nordic). 3, 4. Armenian, Kessab, Djebel Akrah, Kurdistan (Armenoid Alpine). 5. Tajik woman of E. Turkestan (Alpine). 6. Tajik of Tashkend (mixed Alpine and Turki).   PLATE XV. 1, 2. Sinhalese, Ceylon (mixed "Aryan"). 3. Hindu merchant, Western India (mixed "Aryan"). 4. Kling woman, Eastern India (Dravidian). 5. Linga Banajiga, South India (Dravidian). 6. Vakkaliga, Canarese, South India (mixed Alpine).   PLATE XVI. 1, 2. Ruatoka and his wife, Raiatea (Polynesian). 3. Tiawhiao, Maori, New Zealand (Polynesian). 4. Maori woman, New Zealand (Polynesian). 5, 6. Girls of the Caroline Islands (Micronesian).

We offer our sincere thanks for the use of the following photographs:

A. H. Keane, Ethnology (1896), IV. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; IX. 3, 4; XII. 6; XIV. 5, 6.
A. H. Keane, Man, Past and Present (1899), I. 2; II. 3; V. 2; VI. 4, 5, 6; VII. 5; IX. 1, 2; X. 4, 6; XII. 5.
A. R. Brown, II. 1.
Prof. R. B. Yapp, II. 2.
Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, II. 4; V. 4; VII. 1, 2; VIII. 1, 2, 3, 4; IX. 5, 6; XV. 1, 2.
Dr Wollaston, cf. Pygmies and Papuans, p. 212; II. 5, 6, 7.
Dr G. Landtman, III. 3, 4.
Anthony Wilkin, III. 5, 6.
Prof. C. G. Seligman, V. 1; (The Veddas, pl. V) X. 1; XII. 3, 4; XIII. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6.
L. F. Taylor, V. 3.
A. C. Haddon, I. 3, 4, 5, 6; III. 1, 2; IV. 1; V. 5, 6; VII. 6; XI. 1, 2, 3; XII. 1, 2; XIII. 4; XVI. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Miss M. A. Czaplicka, VI. 1, 2, 3.
Dr W. Crooke (cf. Northern India, pl. III), XV. 3.
Baelz, VII. 3, 4.
Bureau of American Ethnology, VIII. 5, 6.
E. Thurston (Castes and Tribes of Southern India, II. p. 387), X. 3; (ibid. IV. pp. 236, 240), XV. 5; XV. 6.
Sir Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen and Messrs Macmillan & Co. (Across Australia, II. fig. 169), X. 5.
Prof. J. Kollmann, XI. 5, 6.
P. W. Luton, XII. 2.
Prof. F. von Luschan and the Council of the Royal Anthropological Institute (Journ. Roy. Anth. Inst., XLI., pl. XXIV, 1, 2, pl. XXX, 1, 2), XIV. 1, 2, 3, 4.
Dr W. H. Furness, XVI. 5, 6.


CHAPTER I

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

The World peopled by Migration from one Centre by Pleistocene Man—The Primary Groups evolved each in its special Habitat—Pleistocene Man: Pithecanthropus erectus; The Mauer jaw, Homo Heidelbergensis; The Piltdown skull, Eoanthropus Dawsoni—General View of Pleistocene Man—The first Migrations—Early Man and his Works—Classification of Human Types: H. primigenius, Neandertal or Mousterian Man; H. recens, Galley Hill or Aurignacian Man—Physical Types—Human Culture: Reutelian, Mafflian, Mesvinian, Strepyan, Chellean, Acheulean, Mousterian, Aurignacian, Solutrian, Magdalenian, Azilian—Chronology—The early History of Man a Geological Problem—The Human Varieties the Outcome of their several Environments—Correspondence of Geographical with Racial and Cultural Zones.

The World peopled by Migration from one Center by Pleistocene Man.

In order to a clear understanding of the many difficult questions connected with the natural history of the human family, two cardinal points have to be steadily borne in mind—the specific unity of all existing varieties, and the dispersal of their generalised precursors over the whole world in pleistocene times. As both points have elsewhere been dealt with by me somewhat fully[1], it will here suffice to show their direct bearing on the general evolution of the human species from that remote epoch to the present day.

It must be obvious that, if man is specifically one,

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